Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

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 Teja Ganta, MD
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 Ali Raza Khaki, MD
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Are you looking for a regimen but can't find it here? It is possible that we've moved it to the historical regimens page. For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit this page. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it!
Note: This page contains regimens that were tested specifically in the population of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma; regimens tested in the more general RCC population can be found on the general RCC page.
There are several related dedicated pages:

15 regimens on this page
19 variants on this page


Guidelines

ASCO

Older

EAU

ESMO

Adjuvant therapy

Pembrolizumab monotherapy

Regimen variant #1, 200 mg q3wk

FDA-recommended dose
Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Choueiri et al. 2021 (KEYNOTE-564)
ESMO-MCBS (A)
2017-2019 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Placebo Superior DFS1
Median DFS: NYR vs NYR
(HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.80)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2022 update.

Preceding treatment

Immunotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 17 cycles (1 year)


Regimen variant #2, 400 mg q6wk

FDA-recommended dose

Note: this dose was not used in the prospective RCT.

Preceding treatment

Immunotherapy

42-day cycle for up to 8 cycles (1 year)

References

  1. KEYNOTE-564: Choueiri TK, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Chang YH, Hajek J, Symeonides SN, Lee JL, Sarwar N, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Gross-Goupil M, Mahave M, Haas NB, Sawrycki P, Gurney H, Chevreau C, Melichar B, Kopyltsov E, Alva A, Burke JM, Doshi G, Topart D, Oudard S, Hammers H, Kitamura H, Bedke J, Perini RF, Zhang P, Imai K, Willemann-Rogerio J, Quinn DI, Powles T; KEYNOTE-564 Investigators. Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 19;385(8):683-694. link to original article link to free full text via University of Zurich contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Powles T, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Symeonides SN, Hajek J, Gurney H, Chang YH, Lee JL, Sarwar N, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Gross-Goupil M, Mahave M, Haas NB, Sawrycki P, Burgents JE, Xu L, Imai K, Quinn DI, Choueiri TK; KEYNOTE-564 Investigators. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as post-nephrectomy adjuvant therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-564): 30-month follow-up analysis of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Sep;23(9):1133-1144. link to original article PubMed

Metastatic disease, first-line

Axitinib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Hutson et al. 2013 (A4061051) 2010-06-14 to 2011-04-21 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) Sorafenib Might have superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 10.1 vs 6.5 mo
(HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.56-1.05)

Did not meet secondary endpoint of OS1
Median OS: 21.7 vs 23.3 mo
(HR 0.995, 95% CI 0.73-1.36)

1Reported efficacy for OS is based on the 2016 update.

Targeted therapy

  • Axitinib (Inlyta) as follows:
    • Starting dose: 5 mg PO twice per day for at least 2 weeks
    • Then if tolerated and BP not greater than 150/90: 7 mg PO twice per day
    • Then if tolerated and BP not greater than 150/90: 10 mg PO twice per day
    • Dose can be reduced to 2 to 3 mg PO twice per day if needed based on tolerability

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. A4061051: Hutson TE, Lesovoy V, Al-Shukri S, Stus VP, Lipatov ON, Bair AH, Rosbrook B, Chen C, Kim S, Vogelzang NJ. Axitinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Dec;14(13):1287-94. Epub 2013 Oct 25. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Hutson TE, Al-Shukri S, Stus VP, Lipatov ON, Shparyk Y, Bair AH, Rosbrook B, Andrews GI, Vogelzang NJ. Axitinib versus sorafenib in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Overall survival from a randomized phase III trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2017 Feb;15(1):72-76. Epub 2016 May 27. link to original article PubMed

Axitinib & Avelumab

Regimen variant #1, weight-based dosing

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Motzer et al. 2019 (JAVELIN Renal 101)
ESMO-MCBS (3)
2016-03-29 to 2017-12-19 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Sunitinib Superior PFS1 (secondary endpoint)
Median PFS: 13.3 vs 8 mo
(HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.57-0.83)

1Reported efficacy is for the overall population (secondary endpoint) and is based on the 2020 update.
Note: this is not the FDA-recommended dose.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

14-day cycles


Regimen variant #2, flat dosing

FDA-recommended dose

Note: this is not the dose described in Motzer et al. 2019.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. JAVELIN Renal 101: Motzer RJ, Penkov K, Haanen J, Rini B, Albiges L, Campbell MT, Venugopal B, Kollmannsberger C, Negrier S, Uemura M, Lee JL, Vasiliev A, Miller WH Jr, Gurney H, Schmidinger M, Larkin J, Atkins MB, Bedke J, Alekseev B, Wang J, Mariani M, Robbins PB, Chudnovsky A, Fowst C, Hariharan S, Huang B, di Pietro A, Choueiri TK. Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 21;380(12):1103-1115. Epub 2019 Feb 16. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Choueiri TK, Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Haanen J, Campbell MT, Venugopal B, Kollmannsberger C, Gravis-Mescam G, Uemura M, Lee JL, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Schmidinger M, Larkin J, Atkins MB, Pal SK, Wang J, Mariani M, Krishnaswami S, Cislo P, Chudnovsky A, Fowst C, Huang B, di Pietro A, Albiges L. Updated efficacy results from the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial: first-line avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2020 Aug;31(8):1030-1039. Epub 2020 Apr 25. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Axitinib & Pembrolizumab

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Rini et al. 2019 (KEYNOTE-426)
ESMO-MCBS (4)
2016-10-24 to 2018-01-24 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Sunitinib Superior OS1 (co-primary endpoint)
Median OS: NYR vs 36 mo
(HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.85)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2020 update.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. KEYNOTE-426: Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, Gafanov R, Hawkins R, Nosov D, Pouliot F, Alekseev B, Soulières D, Melichar B, Vynnychenko I, Kryzhanivska A, Bondarenko I, Azevedo SJ, Borchiellini D, Szczylik C, Markus M, McDermott RS, Bedke J, Tartas S, Chang YH, Tamada S, Shou Q, Perini RF, Chen M, Atkins MB, Powles T; KEYNOTE-426 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 21;380(12):1116-1127. Epub 2019 Feb 16. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Powles T, Plimack ER, Soulières D, Waddell T, Stus V, Gafanov R, Nosov D, Pouliot F, Melichar B, Vynnychenko I, Azevedo SJ, Borchiellini D, McDermott RS, Bedke J, Tamada S, Yin L, Chen M, Molife LR, Atkins MB, Rini BI. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib monotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-426): extended follow-up from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Dec;21(12):1563-1573. Epub 2020 Oct 23. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2020 Dec;21(12):e553. link to original article PubMed

Cabozantinib monotherapy

Regimen

FDA-recommended dose
Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Choueiri et al. 2016 (CABOSUN)
ESMO-MCBS (3)
2013-2015 Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ic) Sunitinib Superior PFS1 (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 8.6 vs 5.3 mo
(HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.74)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2018 update; in this update, independent review gave an ORR of 20% (95% CI 12-31%) in the experimental arm and 9% (95% CI 4-18%) in the control arm.

Targeted therapy

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. CABOSUN: Choueiri TK, Halabi S, Sanford BL, Hahn O, Michaelson MD, Walsh MK, Feldman DR, Olencki T, Picus J, Small EJ, Dakhil S, George DJ, Morris MJ; Alliance. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of poor or intermediate risk: the Alliance A031203 CABOSUN trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 20;35(6):591-597. Epub 2016 Nov 14. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Choueiri TK, Hessel C, Halabi S, Sanford B, Michaelson MD, Hahn O, Walsh M, Olencki T, Picus J, Small EJ, Dakhil S, Feldman DR, Mangeshkar M, Scheffold C, George D, Morris MJ. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma of intermediate or poor risk (Alliance A031203 CABOSUN randomised trial): progression-free survival by independent review and overall survival update. Eur J Cancer. 2018 May;94:115-125. Epub 2018 Mar 20. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed
  2. PIVOT-09: Clinical Trial Registry

Cabozantinib & Nivolumab

Regimen variant #1, bi-weekly nivolumab

FDA-recommended dose
Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Choueiri et al. 2021 (CheckMate 9ER)
ESMO-MCBS (4)
2017-2019 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Sunitinib Superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 16.6 vs 8.3 mo
(HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.41-0.64)

Superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
Median OS: 37.7 vs 34.3 mo
(HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55-0.90)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2022 update.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

14-day cycles


Regimen variant #2, monthly nivolumab

FDA-recommended dose

Note: this dosing does not appear to have been used in a trial, but is recommended by the FDA.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. CheckMate 9ER: Choueiri TK, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Zurawski B, Oyervides Juárez VM, Hsieh JJ, Basso U, Shah AY, Suárez C, Hamzaj A, Goh JC, Barrios C, Richardet M, Porta C, Kowalyszyn R, Feregrino JP, Żołnierek J, Pook D, Kessler ER, Tomita Y, Mizuno R, Bedke J, Zhang J, Maurer MA, Simsek B, Ejzykowicz F, Schwab GM, Apolo AB, Motzer RJ; CheckMate 9ER Investigators. Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 4;384(9):829-841. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Motzer RJ, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Shah AY, Suárez C, Hamzaj A, Porta C, Hocking CM, Kessler ER, Gurney H, Tomita Y, Bedke J, Zhang J, Simsek B, Scheffold C, Apolo AB, Choueiri TK. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER): long-term follow-up results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):888-898. Epub 2022 Jun 7. link to original article PubMed

Cabozantinib, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab

Regimen

FDA-recommended dose
Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Awaiting publication (COSMIC-313) 2019-2022 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Ipilimumab & Nivolumab Superior PFS

Note: Efficacy details are from an ESMO abstract.

Targeted therapy

Immunotherapy

3 week cycles for first 4 cycles followed by 4 week cycles

References

  1. COSMIC-313: Clinical Trial Registry

Ipilimumab & Nivolumab

Regimen variant #1

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Motzer et al. 2018 (CheckMate 214)
ESMO-MCBS (4)
2014-2016 Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ooc) Sunitinib Superior OS1 (co-primary endpoint)
OS42: 56% vs 47%
(HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61-0.86)

1Reported efficacy is for the ITT population per the 2020 update.
Note: while this is the dosing studied in CheckMate 214, it is not the FDA-recommended dosing.

Immunotherapy

21-day cycle for 4 cycles, then 14-day cycles


Regimen variant #2

FDA-recommended dose

Note: while this one of two FDA-recommended dosing options, we are not aware of any particular published trial using this dosing.

Immunotherapy

  • Ipilimumab (Yervoy) as follows:
    • Cycles 1 to 4: 1 mg/kg IV once on day 1, given second
  • Nivolumab (Opdivo) as follows:
    • Cycles 1 to 4: 3 mg/kg IV once on day 1, given first
    • Cycle 5 onwards: 240 mg IV once on day 1

21-day cycle for 4 cycles, then 14-day cycles


Regimen variant #3

FDA-recommended dose

Note: while this one of two FDA-recommended dosing options, we are not aware of any particular published trial using this dosing.

Immunotherapy

  • Ipilimumab (Yervoy) as follows:
    • Cycles 1 to 4: 1 mg/kg IV once on day 1, given second
  • Nivolumab (Opdivo) as follows:
    • Cycles 1 to 4: 3 mg/kg IV once on day 1, given first
    • Cycle 5 onwards: 480 mg IV once on day 1

21-day cycle for 4 cycles, then 28-day cycles

References

  1. CheckMate 214: Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Choueiri TK, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Porta C, George S, Powles T, Donskov F, Neiman V, Kollmannsberger CK, Salman P, Gurney H, Hawkins R, Ravaud A, Grimm MO, Bracarda S, Barrios CH, Tomita Y, Castellano D, Rini BI, Chen AC, Mekan S, McHenry MB, Wind-Rotolo M, Doan J, Sharma P, Hammers HJ, Escudier B; CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 5;378(14):1277-1290. Epub 2018 Mar 21. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. PRO analysis: Cella D, Grünwald V, Escudier B, Hammers HJ, George S, Nathan P, Grimm MO, Rini BI, Doan J, Ivanescu C, Paty J, Mekan S, Motzer RJ. Patient-reported outcomes of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib (CheckMate 214): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):297-310. Epub 2019 Jan 15. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20(6):e293. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Hammers HJ, Carducci MA, Salman P, Escudier B, Beuselinck B, Amin A, Porta C, George S, Neiman V, Bracarda S, Tykodi SS, Barthélémy P, Leibowitz-Amit R, Plimack ER, Oosting SF, Redman B, Melichar B, Powles T, Nathan P, Oudard S, Pook D, Choueiri TK, Donskov F, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Heng DYC, Kollmannsberger CK, Harrison MR, Tomita Y, Duran I, Grünwald V, McHenry MB, Mekan S, Tannir NM; CheckMate 214 investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended follow-up of efficacy and safety results from a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Oct;20(10):1370-1385. Epub 2019 Aug 16. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2019 Aug 21. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Powles T, Donskov F, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Hammers HJ, George S, Grünwald V, Porta C, Neiman V, Ravaud A, Choueiri TK, Rini BI, Salman P, Kollmannsberger CK, Tykodi SS, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Leibowitz-Amit R, Geertsen PF, Amin A, Tomita Y, McHenry MB, Saggi SS, Tannir NM. Survival outcomes and independent response assessment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: 42-month follow-up of a randomized phase 3 clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Jul;8(2):e000891. Erratum in: J Immunother Cancer. 2021 May;9(5). link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Albiges L, Tannir NM, Burotto M, McDermott D, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Porta C, Powles T, Donskov F, George S, Kollmannsberger CK, Gurney H, Grimm MO, Tomita Y, Castellano D, Rini BI, Choueiri TK, Saggi SS, McHenry MB, Motzer RJ. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended 4-year follow-up of the phase III CheckMate 214 trial. ESMO Open. 2020 Nov;5(6):e001079. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. PDIGREE: Clinical Trial Registry
  3. COSMIC-313: Clinical Trial Registry

Pembrolizumab monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Efficacy
McDermott et al. 2021 (KEYNOTE-427) 2016-NR Phase 2 ORR: 36%

Note: this reference describes the clear cell cohort of KEYNOTE-427.

Immunotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 36 cycles (2 years)

References

  1. KEYNOTE-427: McDermott DF, Lee JL, Bjarnason GA, Larkin JMG, Gafanov RA, Kochenderfer MD, Jensen NV, Donskov F, Malik J, Poprach A, Tykodi SS, Alonso-Gordoa T, Cho DC, Geertsen PF, Climent Duran MA, DiSimone C, Silverman RK, Perini RF, Schloss C, Atkins MB. Open-Label, Single-Arm Phase II Study of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Patients With Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Mar 20;39(9):1020-1028. Epub 2021 Feb 2. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry

Sorafenib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Motzer et al. 2013 (AV-951-09-902) 2010-02 to 2010-08 Phase 3 (C) Tivozanib Seems to have inferior PFS
Hutson et al. 2013 (A4061051) 2010-06-14 to 2011-04-21 Phase 3 (C) Axitinib Might have inferior PFS1

1In the 2016 update to A4061051, there was no difference in OS, which was a secondary endpoint. Reported efficacy here is from the primary (2013) analysis.

Targeted therapy

  • Sorafenib (Nexavar) 400 mg PO twice per day
    • Can be decreased to 400 mg PO once per day or 400 mg PO every other day if needed due to toxicity

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. AV-951-09-902: Motzer RJ, Nosov D, Eisen T, Bondarenko I, Lesovoy V, Lipatov O, Tomczak P, Lyulko O, Alyasova A, Harza M, Kogan M, Alekseev BY, Sternberg CN, Szczylik C, Cella D, Ivanescu C, Krivoshik A, Strahs A, Esteves B, Berkenblit A, Hutson TE. Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Oct 20;31(30):3791-9. Epub 2013 Sep 9. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
  2. A4061051: Hutson TE, Lesovoy V, Al-Shukri S, Stus VP, Lipatov ON, Bair AH, Rosbrook B, Chen C, Kim S, Vogelzang NJ. Axitinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Dec;14(13):1287-94. Epub 2013 Oct 25. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Hutson TE, Al-Shukri S, Stus VP, Lipatov ON, Shparyk Y, Bair AH, Rosbrook B, Andrews GI, Vogelzang NJ. Axitinib versus sorafenib in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Overall survival from a randomized phase III trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2017 Feb;15(1):72-76. Epub 2016 May 27. link to original article PubMed

Sunitinib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Choueiri et al. 2016 (CABOSUN) 2013-2015 Phase 3 (C) Cabozantinib Inferior PFS1
Motzer et al. 2018 (CheckMate 214) 2014-2016 Phase 3 (C) Ipilimumab & Nivolumab Inferior OS
Motzer et al. 2019 (JAVELIN Renal 101) 2016-03-29 to 2017-12-19 Phase 3 (C) Axitinib & Avelumab Seems to have inferior OS2
Rini et al. 2019 (KEYNOTE-426) 2016-10-24 to 2018-01-24 Phase 3 (C) Axitinib & Pembrolizumab Inferior OS
Choueiri et al. 2021 (CheckMate 9ER) 2017-2019 Phase 3 (C) Cabozantinib & Nivolumab Inferior OS

1Reported efficacy for CABOSUN is based on the 2018 update.
2Reported efficacy for JAVELIN Renal 101 is based on the 2020 update, although the authors state that OS data remains immature.

Targeted therapy

  • Sunitinib (Sutent) 50 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 28
    • Per some references, dose may be decreased to 37.5 mg or 25 mg PO once per day depending on tolerability

42-day cycles

References

  1. CABOSUN: Choueiri TK, Halabi S, Sanford BL, Hahn O, Michaelson MD, Walsh MK, Feldman DR, Olencki T, Picus J, Small EJ, Dakhil S, George DJ, Morris MJ. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of poor or intermediate risk: the Alliance A031203 CABOSUN trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 20;35(6):591-597. Epub 2016 Nov 14. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Choueiri TK, Hessel C, Halabi S, Sanford B, Michaelson MD, Hahn O, Walsh M, Olencki T, Picus J, Small EJ, Dakhil S, Feldman DR, Mangeshkar M, Scheffold C, George D, Morris MJ. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma of intermediate or poor risk (Alliance A031203 CABOSUN randomised trial): progression-free survival by independent review and overall survival update. Eur J Cancer. 2018 May;94:115-125. Epub 2018 Mar 20. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed
  2. CheckMate 214: Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Choueiri TK, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Porta C, George S, Powles T, Donskov F, Neiman V, Kollmannsberger CK, Salman P, Gurney H, Hawkins R, Ravaud A, Grimm MO, Bracarda S, Barrios CH, Tomita Y, Castellano D, Rini BI, Chen AC, Mekan S, McHenry MB, Wind-Rotolo M, Doan J, Sharma P, Hammers HJ, Escudier B; CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 5;378(14):1277-1290. Epub 2018 Mar 21. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. PRO analysis: Cella D, Grünwald V, Escudier B, Hammers HJ, George S, Nathan P, Grimm MO, Rini BI, Doan J, Ivanescu C, Paty J, Mekan S, Motzer RJ. Patient-reported outcomes of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib (CheckMate 214): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):297-310. Epub 2019 Jan 15. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20(6):e293. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Hammers HJ, Carducci MA, Salman P, Escudier B, Beuselinck B, Amin A, Porta C, George S, Neiman V, Bracarda S, Tykodi SS, Barthélémy P, Leibowitz-Amit R, Plimack ER, Oosting SF, Redman B, Melichar B, Powles T, Nathan P, Oudard S, Pook D, Choueiri TK, Donskov F, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Heng DYC, Kollmannsberger CK, Harrison MR, Tomita Y, Duran I, Grünwald V, McHenry MB, Mekan S, Tannir NM; CheckMate 214 investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended follow-up of efficacy and safety results from a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Oct;20(10):1370-1385. Epub 2019 Aug 16. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2019 Aug 21. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Powles T, Donskov F, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Hammers HJ, George S, Grünwald V, Porta C, Neiman V, Ravaud A, Choueiri TK, Rini BI, Salman P, Kollmannsberger CK, Tykodi SS, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Leibowitz-Amit R, Geertsen PF, Amin A, Tomita Y, McHenry MB, Saggi SS, Tannir NM. Survival outcomes and independent response assessment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: 42-month follow-up of a randomized phase 3 clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Jul;8(2):e000891. Erratum in: J Immunother Cancer. 2021 May;9(5). link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Albiges L, Tannir NM, Burotto M, McDermott D, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Porta C, Powles T, Donskov F, George S, Kollmannsberger CK, Gurney H, Grimm MO, Tomita Y, Castellano D, Rini BI, Choueiri TK, Saggi SS, McHenry MB, Motzer RJ. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended 4-year follow-up of the phase III CheckMate 214 trial. ESMO Open. 2020 Nov;5(6):e001079. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  3. KEYNOTE-426: Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, Gafanov R, Hawkins R, Nosov D, Pouliot F, Alekseev B, Soulières D, Melichar B, Vynnychenko I, Kryzhanivska A, Bondarenko I, Azevedo SJ, Borchiellini D, Szczylik C, Markus M, McDermott RS, Bedke J, Tartas S, Chang YH, Tamada S, Shou Q, Perini RF, Chen M, Atkins MB, Powles T; KEYNOTE-426 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 21;380(12):1116-1127. Epub 2019 Feb 16. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Powles T, Plimack ER, Soulières D, Waddell T, Stus V, Gafanov R, Nosov D, Pouliot F, Melichar B, Vynnychenko I, Azevedo SJ, Borchiellini D, McDermott RS, Bedke J, Tamada S, Yin L, Chen M, Molife LR, Atkins MB, Rini BI. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib monotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-426): extended follow-up from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Dec;21(12):1563-1573. Epub 2020 Oct 23. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2020 Dec;21(12):e553. link to original article PubMed
  4. JAVELIN Renal 101: Motzer RJ, Penkov K, Haanen J, Rini B, Albiges L, Campbell MT, Venugopal B, Kollmannsberger C, Negrier S, Uemura M, Lee JL, Vasiliev A, Miller WH Jr, Gurney H, Schmidinger M, Larkin J, Atkins MB, Bedke J, Alekseev B, Wang J, Mariani M, Robbins PB, Chudnovsky A, Fowst C, Hariharan S, Huang B, di Pietro A, Choueiri TK. Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 21;380(12):1103-1115. Epub 2019 Feb 16. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Choueiri TK, Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Haanen J, Campbell MT, Venugopal B, Kollmannsberger C, Gravis-Mescam G, Uemura M, Lee JL, Grimm MO, Gurney H, Schmidinger M, Larkin J, Atkins MB, Pal SK, Wang J, Mariani M, Krishnaswami S, Cislo P, Chudnovsky A, Fowst C, Huang B, di Pietro A, Albiges L. Updated efficacy results from the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial: first-line avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2020 Aug;31(8):1030-1039. Epub 2020 Apr 25. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  5. CheckMate 9ER: Choueiri TK, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Zurawski B, Oyervides Juárez VM, Hsieh JJ, Basso U, Shah AY, Suárez C, Hamzaj A, Goh JC, Barrios C, Richardet M, Porta C, Kowalyszyn R, Feregrino JP, Żołnierek J, Pook D, Kessler ER, Tomita Y, Mizuno R, Bedke J, Zhang J, Maurer MA, Simsek B, Ejzykowicz F, Schwab GM, Apolo AB, Motzer RJ; CheckMate 9ER Investigators. Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 4;384(9):829-841. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Motzer RJ, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Shah AY, Suárez C, Hamzaj A, Porta C, Hocking CM, Kessler ER, Gurney H, Tomita Y, Bedke J, Zhang J, Simsek B, Scheffold C, Apolo AB, Choueiri TK. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER): long-term follow-up results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):888-898. Epub 2022 Jun 7. link to original article PubMed

Tivozanib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Motzer et al. 2013 (AV-951-09-902)
ESMO-MCBS (1)
2010-02 to 2010-08 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) Sorafenib Seems to have superior PFS
Median PFS: 11.9 vs 9.1 mo
(HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64-0.993)

Targeted therapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. AV-951-09-902: Motzer RJ, Nosov D, Eisen T, Bondarenko I, Lesovoy V, Lipatov O, Tomczak P, Lyulko O, Alyasova A, Harza M, Kogan M, Alekseev BY, Sternberg CN, Szczylik C, Cella D, Ivanescu C, Krivoshik A, Strahs A, Esteves B, Berkenblit A, Hutson TE. Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Oct 20;31(30):3791-9. Epub 2013 Sep 9. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry

Metastatic disease, second-line

Axitinib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Rini et al. 2011 (AXIS)
ESMO-MCBS (4)
2008-2010 Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ic) Sorafenib Superior PFS1 (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 8.3 vs 5.7 mo
(HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.55-0.78)

Did not meet secondary endpoint of OS1
Median OS: 20.1 vs 19.2 mo
(HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.17)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2013 update.

Prior treatment criteria

  • AXIS: Progression on first-line therapy containing sunitinib, bevacizumab plus interferon-alfa, temsirolimus, or cytokines

Targeted therapy

  • Axitinib (Inlyta) as follows:
    • Starting dose: 5 mg PO twice per day for at least 2 weeks
    • Then if tolerated and BP not greater than 150/90: 7 mg PO twice per day
    • Then if tolerated and BP not greater than 150/90: 10 mg PO twice per day
    • Dose can be reduced to 2 to 3 mg PO twice per day if needed based on tolerability

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. AXIS: Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, Kaprin A, Szczylik C, Hutson TE, Michaelson MD, Gorbunova VA, Gore ME, Rusakov IG, Negrier S, Ou YC, Castellano D, Lim HY, Uemura H, Tarazi J, Cella D, Chen C, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Motzer RJ. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011 Dec 3;378(9807):1931-9. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. PRO analysis: Cella D, Escudier B, Rini B, Chen C, Bhattacharyya H, Tarazi J, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Motzer R. Patient-reported outcomes for axitinib vs sorafenib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: phase III (AXIS) trial. Br J Cancer. 2013 Apr 30;108(8):1571-8. Epub 2013 Apr 11. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Tomczak P, Hutson TE, Michaelson MD, Negrier S, Oudard S, Gore ME, Tarazi J, Hariharan S, Chen C, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Rini BI. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):552-62. Epub 2013 Apr 15. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
    3. Subgroup analysis: Escudier B, Michaelson MD, Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Clark JI, Lim HY, Porfiri E, Zalewski P, Kannourakis G, Staehler M, Tarazi J, Rosbrook B, Cisar L, Hariharan S, Kim S, Rini BI. Axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: subanalyses by prior therapy from a randomised phase III trial. Br J Cancer. 2014 Jun 10;110(12):2821-8. Epub 2014 May 13. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Nivolumab monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
McFarlane et al. 2020 (CheckMate 374) 2015-2016 Phase 3b/4

Immunotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. CheckMate 374: McFarlane JJ, Kochenderfer MD, Olsen MR, Bauer TM, Molina A, Hauke RJ, Reeves JA, Babu S, Van Veldhuizen P, Somer B, Gunuganti V, Schnadig I, George S, Page RD, Arrowsmith E, Jain RK, Zhang J, McHenry MB, Johansen JL, Vogelzang NJ. Safety and Efficacy of Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From the Phase IIIb/IV CheckMate 374 Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2020 Dec;18(6):469-476.e4. Epub 2020 Jun 14. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed Clinical Trial Registry

Sorafenib monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Escudier et al. 2007 (TARGETRCC)
ESMO-MCBS (3)
2003-2005 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) Placebo Might have superior OS1 (primary endpoint)
Median OS: 17.8 vs 15.2 mo
(HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74-1.04)
Rini et al. 2011 (AXIS) 2008-2010 Phase 3 (C) Axitinib Inferior PFS

Note: TARGET should not be confused with the study by the same name in breast cancer.

Prior treatment criteria

  • TARGETRCC: 1 systemic treatment within the previous 8 months, with progression
  • AXIS: Progression on first-line therapy containing sunitinib, bevacizumab plus interferon-alfa, temsirolimus, or cytokines

Targeted therapy

Continued indefinitely

Dose modifications

  • Sorafenib (Nexavar) can be decreased to 400 mg PO once per day or 400 mg PO every other day if needed due to toxicity

References

  1. TARGETRCC: Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Siebels M, Negrier S, Chevreau C, Solska E, Desai AA, Rolland F, Demkow T, Hutson TE, Gore M, Freeman S, Schwartz B, Shan M, Simantov R, Bukowski RM; TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):125-34. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 12;357(2):203. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. Update: Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Staehler M, Negrier S, Chevreau C, Desai AA, Rolland F, Demkow T, Hutson TE, Gore M, Anderson S, Hofilena G, Shan M, Pena C, Lathia C, Bukowski RM. Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 10;27(20):3312-8. Epub 2009 May 18. link to original article PubMed
    2. Subgroup analysis: Hutson TE, Bellmunt J, Porta C, Szczylik C, Staehler M, Nadel A, Anderson S, Bukowski R, Eisen T, Escudier B; Sorafenib TARGET Clinical Trial Group. Long-term safety of sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: follow-up of patients from phase III TARGET. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Sep;46(13):2432-40. Epub 2010 Jul 23. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. AXIS: Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, Kaprin A, Szczylik C, Hutson TE, Michaelson MD, Gorbunova VA, Gore ME, Rusakov IG, Negrier S, Ou YC, Castellano D, Lim HY, Uemura H, Tarazi J, Cella D, Chen C, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Motzer RJ. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011 Dec 3;378(9807):1931-9. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed Clinical Trial Registry
    1. PRO analysis: Cella D, Escudier B, Rini B, Chen C, Bhattacharyya H, Tarazi J, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Motzer R. Patient-reported outcomes for axitinib vs sorafenib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: phase III (AXIS) trial. Br J Cancer. 2013 Apr 30;108(8):1571-8. Epub 2013 Apr 11. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Tomczak P, Hutson TE, Michaelson MD, Negrier S, Oudard S, Gore ME, Tarazi J, Hariharan S, Chen C, Rosbrook B, Kim S, Rini BI. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):552-62. Epub 2013 Apr 15. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
    3. Subgroup analysis: Escudier B, Michaelson MD, Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Clark JI, Lim HY, Porfiri E, Zalewski P, Kannourakis G, Staehler M, Tarazi J, Rosbrook B, Cisar L, Hariharan S, Kim S, Rini BI. Axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: subanalyses by prior therapy from a randomised phase III trial. Br J Cancer. 2014 Jun 10;110(12):2821-8. Epub 2014 May 13. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
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