Pancreatic cancer

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49 regimens on this page
82 variants on this page


Adjuvant chemotherapy

Fluorouracil & Leucovorin

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Neoptolemos et al. 2004 Phase III 5-FU & RT
Observation
Neoptolemos et al. 2010 (ESPAC-3) Phase III Gemcitabine

Chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 6 cycles

References

  1. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, Bassi C, Dunn JA, Hickey H, Beger H, Fernandez-Cruz L, Dervenis C, Lacaine F, Falconi M, Pederzoli P, Pap A, Spooner D, Kerr DJ, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Bassi C, Ghaneh P, Cunningham D, Goldstein D, Padbury R, Moore MJ, Gallinger S, Mariette C, Wente MN, Izbicki JR, Friess H, Lerch MM, Dervenis C, Oláh A, Butturini G, Doi R, Lind PA, Smith D, Valle JW, Palmer DH, Buckels JA, Thompson J, McKay CJ, Rawcliffe CL, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid vs gemcitabine following pancreatic cancer resection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Sep 8;304(10):1073-81. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine (Gemzar)

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Oettle et al. 2007 (CONKO-001) Phase III Observation Seems to have superior OS
Neoptolemos et al. 2010 (ESPAC-3) Phase III Fluorouracil & Leucovorin Seems not superior
Uesaka et al. 2016 (JASPAC 01) Phase III S-1 Inferior OS

Treatment starts day 10 to 42 after surgery or after wound is healed.

Chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 6 cycles

References

  1. Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P, Gellert K, Langrehr J, Ridwelski K, Schramm H, Fahlke J, Zuelke C, Burkart C, Gutberlet K, Kettner E, Schmalenberg H, Weigang-Koehler K, Bechstein WO, Niedergethmann M, Schmidt-Wolf I, Roll L, Doerken B, Riess H. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297(3):267-77. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Oettle H, Neuhaus P, Hochhaus A, Hartmann JT, Gellert K, Ridwelski K, Niedergethmann M, Zülke C, Fahlke J, Arning MB, Sinn M, Hinke A, Riess H. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and long-term outcomes among patients with resected pancreatic cancer: the CONKO-001 randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 Oct 9;310(14):1473-81. link to original article PubMed
  2. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Bassi C, Ghaneh P, Cunningham D, Goldstein D, Padbury R, Moore MJ, Gallinger S, Mariette C, Wente MN, Izbicki JR, Friess H, Lerch MM, Dervenis C, Oláh A, Butturini G, Doi R, Lind PA, Smith D, Valle JW, Palmer DH, Buckels JA, Thompson J, McKay CJ, Rawcliffe CL, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid vs gemcitabine following pancreatic cancer resection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Sep 8;304(10):1073-81. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Uesaka K, Boku N, Fukutomi A, Okamura Y, Konishi M, Matsumoto I, Kaneoka Y, Shimizu Y, Nakamori S, Sakamoto H, Morinaga S, Kainuma O, Imai K, Sata N, Hishinuma S, Ojima H, Yamaguchi R, Hirano S, Sudo T, Ohashi Y; JASPAC 01 Study Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy of S-1 versus gemcitabine for resected pancreatic cancer: a phase 3, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial (JASPAC 01). Lancet. 2016 Jul 16;388(10041):248-57. Epub 2016 Jun 2. link to original article PubMed

Placebo (Observation)

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Neoptolemos et al. 2004 Phase III Fluorouracil & Leucovorin Inferior OS
Oettle et al. 2007 (CONKO-001) Phase III Gemcitabine Seems to have inferior OS

No active antineoplastic treatment. Placed here because one or more randomized clinical trials included a placebo arm in this disease context.

References

  1. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, Bassi C, Dunn JA, Hickey H, Beger H, Fernandez-Cruz L, Dervenis C, Lacaine F, Falconi M, Pederzoli P, Pap A, Spooner D, Kerr DJ, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P, Gellert K, Langrehr J, Ridwelski K, Schramm H, Fahlke J, Zuelke C, Burkart C, Gutberlet K, Kettner E, Schmalenberg H, Weigang-Koehler K, Bechstein WO, Niedergethmann M, Schmidt-Wolf I, Roll L, Doerken B, Riess H. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297(3):267-77. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Oettle H, Neuhaus P, Hochhaus A, Hartmann JT, Gellert K, Ridwelski K, Niedergethmann M, Zülke C, Fahlke J, Arning MB, Sinn M, Hinke A, Riess H. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and long-term outcomes among patients with resected pancreatic cancer: the CONKO-001 randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 Oct 9;310(14):1473-81. link to original article PubMed

Adjuvant chemoradiation

Fluorouracil (5-FU) & RT

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Neoptolemos et al. 2004 Phase III Fluorouracil & Leucovorin
Observation
Regine et al. 2008 Phase III Gemcitabine -> Fluorouracil & RT -> Gemcitabine

Chemotherapy

21-day course, followed in 1 to 2 weeks by:

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 250 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion throughout radiation therapy
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 28 fractions given 5 days per week, for a total dose of 50.4 Gy. The last 5.4 Gy of the 50.4 Gy is limited to the tumor bed.

6-week course, followed in 3 to 5 weeks by:

Chemotherapy

6-week cycle for 2 cycles

References

  1. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, Bassi C, Dunn JA, Hickey H, Beger H, Fernandez-Cruz L, Dervenis C, Lacaine F, Falconi M, Pederzoli P, Pap A, Spooner D, Kerr DJ, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Regine WF, Winter KA, Abrams RA, Safran H, Hoffman JP, Konski A, Benson AB, Macdonald JS, Kudrimoti MR, Fromm ML, Haddock MG, Schaefer P, Willett CG, Rich TA. Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine -> Fluorouracil & RT -> Gemcitabine

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RT: Radiation Therapy

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Regine et al. 2008 Phase III Fluorouracil & RT

Chemotherapy

21-day course, followed in 1 to 2 weeks by:

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 250 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion throughout radiation therapy
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 28 fractions given 5 days per week, for a total dose of 50.4 Gy. The last 5.4 Gy of the 50.4 Gy is limited to the tumor bed.

6-week course, followed in 3 to 5 weeks by:

Chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 3 cycles

References

  1. Regine WF, Winter KA, Abrams RA, Safran H, Hoffman JP, Konski A, Benson AB, Macdonald JS, Kudrimoti MR, Fromm ML, Haddock MG, Schaefer P, Willett CG, Rich TA. Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation

Cetuximab, Gemcitabine, RT

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Pipas et al. 2012 Phase II

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Cetuximab (Erbitux) as follows:
    • 6 to 8 days prior radiation: 400 mg/m2 IV over 120 minutes once
    • During radiation: 250 mg/m2 over 60 minutes once per week for 6 doses
  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 50 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes twice per week for 12 doses
    • Given Monday/Thursday or Tuesday/Friday. Infusion completed ½ to 2 hours prior to RT.
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, delivered using IMRT. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was all known disease including imaging proven nodal disease. The primary planning target volume (PTV1) included the GTV with 2- to 3-cm margins in all directions as well as potential nodal involvement. Secondary planning target volume (PTV2) included the GTV with 1- to 1.5-cm margins on all sides including proven nodal involvement. Tertiary planning treatment volume (PTV3) included the area of the GTV adjacent to the vascular structures specifically the mesenteric and portal vessels with a 0.5-cm margin. The prescription dose delivered to PTV3 was 54 Gy in 28 fractions. Synchronously, PTV1 and PTV2 received 45 and 50.4 Gy, respectively. All fields were treated daily at five fractions per week.

Supportive medications

  • GI prophylaxis with a proton pump inhibitor during chemoradiotherapy

6-week course

One month following therapy, patients were restaged with CT scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis. Patients deemed to be candidates for surgical resection were offered laparotomy ∼6to 10 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant therapy.

References

  1. Pipas JM, Zaki BI, McGowan MM, Tsapakos MJ, Ripple GH, Suriawinata AA, Tsongalis GJ, Colacchio TA, Gordon SR, Sutton JE, Srivastava A, Smith KD, Gardner TB, Korc M, Davis TH, Preis M, Tarczewski SM, Mackenzie TA, Barth RJ Jr. Neoadjuvant cetuximab, twice-weekly gemcitabine, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2012 Nov;23(11):2820-7. Epub 2012 May 9. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Docetaxel, Gemcitabine, RT

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Pipas et al. 2005 Phase II

Chemotherapy

6-week course, followed immediately (day 43) by:

Chemoradiation

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 50 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes twice per week for 12 doses
    • Given Monday/Thursday or Tuesday/Friday. Infusion completed ½ to 2 hours prior to RT.
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 25 fractions given 5 days per week, for a total dose of 45 Gy to primary target volume. Then 5.4 Gy boost to secondary target volume of 1- to 1.5-cm margin on all sides, including proven nodal involvement. Total 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions.

Supportive medications

  • GI prophylaxis with a proton pump inhibitor during chemoradiotherapy

6-week course

References

  1. Pipas JM, Barth RJ Jr, Zaki B, Tsapakos MJ, Suriawinata AA, Bettmann MA, Cates JM, Ripple GH, Sutton JE, Gordon SR, McDonnell CE, Perez RP, Redfield N, Meyer LP, Marshall JF, Cole BF, Colacchio TA. Docetaxel/Gemcitabine followed by gemcitabine and external beam radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec;12(12):995-1004. Epub 2005 Nov 1. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine & RT

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Regimen 1

Study Evidence
Takahashi et al. 2013 Phase II

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 2 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, 25 fractions, total dose of 50 Gy over 5 weeks.

4-week cycle for 3 cycles

Restaging is performed 8 weeks after radiation complete (2 weeks after chemotherapy complete). Resection immediately thereafter, if feasible.

Regimen 2

Study Evidence
Landry et al. 2010 Phase II

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 500 mg/m2 IV over 50 minutes once per week for 6 weeks
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 180 cGy x 22 with 3 cm margin to GTV then 180 cGy x 6 with 2 cm margin to GTV, total 50.4 Gy over 6 weeks

Restaging after radiation complete. 4 to 6 week break, followed by surgery, followed by 4 to 8 week break. Then adjuvant chemotherapy:

Adjuvant chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 5 cycles

References

  1. Landry J, Catalano PJ, Staley C, Harris W, Hoffman J, Talamonti M, Xu N, Cooper H, Benson AB 3rd. Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine plus radiotherapy versus gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin followed by radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil for patients with locally advanced, potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2010 Jun 1;101(7):587-92. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Takahashi H, Ohigashi H, Gotoh K, Marubashi S, Yamada T, Murata M, Ioka T, Uehara H, Yano M, Ishikawa O. Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation therapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):1040-50.link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

mFOLFIRINOX, Gemcitabine, RT

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence
Blazer et al. 2015 Retrospective

Modified FOLFIRINOX portion

Supportive medications

2-week cycle for 4 to 8 cycles

Followed by complete restaging. If tumor localized but still not resectable, chemoradiotherapy was administered:

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2/week concurrent with radiation
  • Radiation was 36 Gy in 15 daily fractions

Regimen #2

Study Evidence
Hosein et al. 2012 Retrospective

FOLFIRINOX portion

Cycles repeated every 2 weeks. Protocol followed "per ACCORD-11 trial"

Treatment stopped at maximum response or tolerability. Resectable patients by imaging criteria were offered surgery, followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Unresectable patients were offered chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgery (if they became resectable):

Chemoradiotherapy

References

  1. Retrospective: Hosein PJ, Macintyre J, Kawamura C, Maldonado JC, Ernani V, Loaiza-Bonilla A, Narayanan G, Ribeiro A, Portelance L, Merchan JR, Levi JU, Rocha-Lima CM. A retrospective study of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX in unresectable or borderline-resectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2012 May 29;12:199. link to original article PubMed
  2. Retrospective: Blazer M, Wu C, Goldberg RM, Phillips G, Schmidt C, Muscarella P, Wuthrick E, Williams TM, Reardon J, Christopher Ellison E, Bloomston M, Bekaii-Saab T. Neoadjuvant Modified (m) FOLFIRINOX for Locally Advanced Unresectable (LAPC) and Borderline Resectable (BRPC) Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Apr;22(4):1153-9. link to original article PubMed

Locally advanced disease (unresectable)

Gemcitabine & RT

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Regimen #1 (600 mg/m2)

Study Evidence Comparator
Cardenes et al. 2011 Phase II
Loehrer et al. 2011 Phase III Gemcitabine

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 600 mg/m2 IV over 30 to 60 minutes once per week during radiation
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, 28 fractions, total dose of 50.4 Gy over 5.5 weeks.

One course, followed in 4 weeks by:

Maintenance chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 5 cycles or until disease progression

Regimen #2 (400 mg/m2)

Study Evidence
Epelbaum et al. 2002 Phase II

Chemotherapy

Radiation planning during this phase, followed by:

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 400 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per week (days 1, 8, 15)
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 5 days per week, 28 fractions, total dose of 50.4 Gy over 5.5 weeks

28 day cycle for 2 cycles (completion of radiation), followed by:

Maintenance chemotherapy

28-day cycles until disease progression

References

  1. Epelbaum R, Rosenblatt E, Nasrallah S, Faraggi D, Gaitini D, Mizrahi S, Kuten A. Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with radiation therapy in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2002 Nov;81(3):138-43. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Cardenes HR, Moore AM, Johnson CS, Yu M, Helft P, Chiorean EG, Vinson J, Howard TJ, Stephens AW, Tai DF, Loehrer PJ Sr. A phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy in patients with localized, unresectable, pancreatic cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group study. Am J Clin Oncol. 2011 Oct;34(5):460-5.link to original article PubMed
  3. Loehrer PJ Sr, Feng Y, Cardenes H, Wagner L, Brell JM, Cella D, Flynn P, Ramanathan RK, Crane CH, Alberts SR, Benson AB 3rd. Gemcitabine alone versus gemcitabine plus radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 1;29(31):4105-12. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Metastatic disease

Best supportive care

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Pelzer et al. 2011 (CONKO-003) Phase III OFF

Best supportive care. Placed here because one or more randomized clinical trials included a best supportive care arm in this disease context.

References

  1. Pelzer U, Schwaner I, Stieler J, Adler M, Seraphin J, Dörken B, Riess H, Oettle H. Best supportive care (BSC) versus oxaliplatin, folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil (OFF) plus BSC in patients for second-line advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III-study from the German CONKO-study group. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Jul;47(11):1676-81. Epub 2011 May 10. link to original article contains verified protocol--with error as noted above PubMed

Capecitabine (Xeloda)

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cartwright et al. 2002 Phase II

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 1 year

References

  1. Cartwright TH, Cohn A, Varkey JA, Chen YM, Szatrowski TP, Cox JV, Schulz JJ. Phase II study of oral capecitabine in patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jan 1;20(1):160-4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Capecitabine & Erlotinib

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Kulke et al. 2007 Phase II

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Kulke MH, Blaszkowsky LS, Ryan DP, Clark JW, Meyerhardt JA, Zhu AX, Enzinger PC, Kwak EL, Muzikansky A, Lawrence C, Fuchs CS. Capecitabine plus erlotinib in gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 20;25(30):4787-92. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Heinemann et al. 2006 Phase III Gemcitabine
Cascinu et al. 2008 (GISCAD) Randomized Phase II Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Cetuximab

Chemotherapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. Heinemann V, Quietzsch D, Gieseler F, Gonnermann M, Schönekäs H, Rost A, Neuhaus H, Haag C, Clemens M, Heinrich B, Vehling-Kaiser U, Fuchs M, Fleckenstein D, Gesierich W, Uthgenannt D, Einsele H, Holstege A, Hinke A, Schalhorn A, Wilkowski R. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 20;24(24):3946-52. link to original article contains verified regimen PubMed
  2. Cascinu S, Berardi R, Labianca R, Siena S, Falcone A, Aitini E, Barni S, Di Costanzo F, Dapretto E, Tonini G, Pierantoni C, Artale S, Rota S, Floriani I, Scartozzi M, Zaniboni A; Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD). Cetuximab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomised, multicentre, phase II trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Jan;9(1):39-44. link to SD article PubMed

Erlotinib & Gemcitabine

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Moore et al. 2007 Phase III Gemcitabine

Initial chemotherapy

8-week course, followed by:

Maintenance chemotherapy

4-week cycles

References

  1. Moore MJ, Goldstein D, Hamm J, Figer A, Hecht JR, Gallinger S, Au HJ, Murawa P, Walde D, Wolff RA, Campos D, Lim R, Ding K, Clark G, Voskoglou-Nomikos T, Ptasynski M, Parulekar W; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 20;25(15):1960-6. Epub 2007 Apr 23. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Fluorouracil (5-FU)

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Burris et al. 1997 Phase III Gemcitabine

Inferior to gemcitabine. Here for reference purposes, only.

References

  1. Burris HA 3rd, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, Cripps MC, Portenoy RK, Storniolo AM, Tarassoff P, Nelson R, Dorr FA, Stephens CD, Von Hoff DD. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2403-13. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Fluorouracil, Folinic acid, nanoliposomal Irinotecan

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Wang-Gillam et al. 2015 (NAPOLI-01) Phase III Fluorouracil & Folinic acid
Irinotecan, nanoliposomal

Chemotherapy

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 2400 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 46 hours, started on day 1 after folinic acid
  • Folinic acid (Leucovorin) 400 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once on day 1, given prior to fluorouracil
  • Irinotecan liposome (Onivyde) 70 mg/m2 (irinotecan free base) IV over 90 minutes once on day 1, given first
    • Per Wang-Gillam et al. 2015 (NAPOLI-01), 70 mg/m2 irinotecan free base is equivalent to 80 mg/m2 nanoliposomal irinotecan. According to the trial's ClinicalTrials.gov page: "The published dose of ONIVYDE was expressed as the irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate until October 2015. It is now expressed as the irinotecan free base. Converting a dose based on irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate to a dose based on irinotecan free base is accomplished by substituting the Molecular Weight of irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (677.19 g/mole) with the Molecular Weight of irinotecan free base (586.68 g/mole), which results in a conversion factor of 0.866. 80 mg/m2 dose of irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate is equivalent to 70 mg/ m2 of irinotecan free base."

14-day cycles

References

  1. Wang-Gillam A, Li CP, Bodoky G, Dean A, Shan YS, Jameson G, Macarulla T, Lee KH, Cunningham D, Blanc JF, Hubner RA, Chiu CF, Schwartsmann G, Siveke JT, Braiteh F, Moyo V, Belanger B, Dhindsa N, Bayever E, Von Hoff DD, Chen LT; NAPOLI-1 Study Group. Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Feb 6;387(10018):545-57. Epub 2015 Nov 29. Erratum in: Lancet. 2016 Feb 6;387(10018):536. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Study of MM-398 With or Without 5-FU/LV, Versus 5-FU/LV in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (NAPOLI-1) (ClinicalTrials.gov)

FOLFIRI

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FOLFIRI: FOLinic acid, Fluorouracil, IRInotecan

Regimen #1

Study Evidence
Zaniboni et al. 2012 (GISCAD) Phase II

Chemotherapy

14-day cycles

Regimen #2, modified FOLFIRI.3

Study Evidence Comparator
Yoo et al. 2009 Randomized Phase II mFOLFOX

Chemotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. Yoo C, Hwang JY, Kim JE, Kim TW, Lee JS, Park DH, Lee SS, Seo DW, Lee SK, Kim MH, Han DJ, Kim SC, Lee JL. A randomised phase II study of modified FOLFIRI.3 vs modified FOLFOX as second-line therapy in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009 Nov 17;101(10):1658-63. Epub 2009 Oct 13. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  2. Zaniboni A, Aitini E, Barni S, Ferrari D, Cascinu S, Catalano V, Valmadre G, Ferrara D, Veltri E, Codignola C, Labianca R. FOLFIRI as second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: a GISCAD multicenter phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;69(6):1641-5. Epub 2012 May 11. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

FOLFIRINOX

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FOLFIRINOX: FOLinic acid, Fluorouracil, IRINotecan, OXaliplatin

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Conroy et al. 2011 Phase III Gemcitabine

Chemotherapy

  • Folinic acid (Leucovorin) 400 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1; given second
  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV bolus, then 1200 mg/m2/day (total dose of 2400 mg/m2) IV continuous 46-hour infusion on days 1 to 2; given last
  • Irinotecan (Camptosar) 180 mg/m2 IV over 90 minutes once on day 1; given third together with the last 90 minutes of leucovorin; that is, irinotecan starts 30 minutes after the start of leucovorin
  • Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1, given first

14-day cycles

References

  1. Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, Bouché O, Guimbaud R, Bécouarn Y, Adenis A, Raoul JL, Gourgou-Bourgade S, de la Fouchardière C, Bennouna J, Bachet JB, Khemissa-Akouz F, Péré-Vergé D, Delbaldo C, Assenat E, Chauffert B, Michel P, Montoto-Grillot C, Ducreux M; Groupe Tumeurs Digestives of Unicancer; PRODIGE Intergroup. FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 12;364(19):1817-25. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

FOLFOX

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FOLFOX: FOLinic acid, Fluorouracil, OXaliplatin

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Yoo et al. 2009 Randomized Phase II mFOLFIRI.3

Chemotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. Yoo C, Hwang JY, Kim JE, Kim TW, Lee JS, Park DH, Lee SS, Seo DW, Lee SK, Kim MH, Han DJ, Kim SC, Lee JL. A randomised phase II study of modified FOLFIRI.3 vs modified FOLFOX as second-line therapy in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009 Nov 17;101(10):1658-63. Epub 2009 Oct 13. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine (Gemzar)

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator
Burris et al. 1997 Phase III 5-FU
Moore et al. 2007 Phase III Erlotinib & Gemcitabine
Herrmann et al. 2007 Phase III GemCap
Poplin et al. 2009 (ECOG E6201) Phase III GEM FDR
GEMOX
Cunningham et al. 2009 Phase III GEM-CAP
Philip et al. 2010 (SWOG S0205) Phase III Gemcitabine & Cetuximab
Conroy et al. 2011 Phase III FOLFIRINOX
Loehrer et al. 2011 Phase III Gemcitabine & Radiation
Von Hoff et al. 2013 (MPACT) Phase III Gemcitabine & nab-Paclitaxel

Chemotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
    • First 8 weeks: 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43
    • Subsequent 4-week cycles: 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
      • In Burris et al. 1997, patients with grade 2 or lower toxicities could have had doses increased to 1250 mg/m2

Continued until progression or intolerance

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator
Heinemann et al. 2006 Phase III Gemcitabine & Cisplatin
Kindler et al. 2011 Phase III Gemcitabine & Axitinib
Catenacci et al. 2015 Randomized Phase Ib/II Gemcitabine & Vismodegib

Chemotherapy

4-week cycles

Regimen #3, Fixed-dose rate (FDR)

Study Evidence Comparator
Poplin et al. 2009 (E6201) Phase III Gemcitabine
GEMOX

Chemotherapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. Burris HA 3rd, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, Cripps MC, Portenoy RK, Storniolo AM, Tarassoff P, Nelson R, Dorr FA, Stephens CD, Von Hoff DD. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2403-13. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Louvet C, Labianca R, Hammel P, Lledo G, Zampino MG, André T, Zaniboni A, Ducreux M, Aitini E, Taïeb J, Faroux R, Lepere C, de Gramont A; GERCOR; GISCAD. Gemcitabine in combination with oxaliplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: results of a GERCOR and GISCAD phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3509-16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Heinemann V, Quietzsch D, Gieseler F, Gonnermann M, Schönekäs H, Rost A, Neuhaus H, Haag C, Clemens M, Heinrich B, Vehling-Kaiser U, Fuchs M, Fleckenstein D, Gesierich W, Uthgenannt D, Einsele H, Holstege A, Hinke A, Schalhorn A, Wilkowski R. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 20;24(24):3946-52. link to original article contains verified regimen PubMed
  4. Moore MJ, Goldstein D, Hamm J, Figer A, Hecht JR, Gallinger S, Au HJ, Murawa P, Walde D, Wolff RA, Campos D, Lim R, Ding K, Clark G, Voskoglou-Nomikos T, Ptasynski M, Parulekar W; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 20;25(15):1960-6. Epub 2007 Apr 23. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  5. Herrmann R, Bodoky G, Ruhstaller T, Glimelius B, Bajetta E, Schüller J, Saletti P, Bauer J, Figer A, Pestalozzi B, Köhne CH, Mingrone W, Stemmer SM, Tàmas K, Kornek GV, Koeberle D, Cina S, Bernhard J, Dietrich D, Scheithauer W; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research; Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Gemcitabine plus capecitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research and the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2212-7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  6. Bernhard J, Dietrich D, Scheithauer W, Gerber D, Bodoky G, Ruhstaller T, Glimelius B, Bajetta E, Schüller J, Saletti P, Bauer J, Figer A, Pestalozzi BC, Köhne CH, Mingrone W, Stemmer SM, Tàmas K, Kornek GV, Koeberle D, Herrmann R; Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Clinical benefit and quality of life in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine plus capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone: a randomized multicenter phase III clinical trial--SAKK 44/00-CECOG/PAN.1.3.001. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 1;26(22):3695-701. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  7. Poplin E, Feng Y, Berlin J, Rothenberg ML, Hochster H, Mitchell E, Alberts S, O'Dwyer P, Haller D, Catalano P, Cella D, Benson AB 3rd. Phase III, randomized study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin versus gemcitabine (fixed-dose rate infusion) compared with gemcitabine (30-minute infusion) in patients with pancreatic carcinoma E6201: a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 10;27(23):3778-85. Epub 2009 Jul 6. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  8. Cunningham D, Chau I, Stocken DD, Valle JW, Smith D, Steward W, Harper PG, Dunn J, Tudur-Smith C, West J, Falk S, Crellin A, Adab F, Thompson J, Leonard P, Ostrowski J, Eatock M, Scheithauer W, Herrmann R, Neoptolemos JP. Phase III randomized comparison of gemcitabine versus gemcitabine plus capecitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 20;27(33):5513-8. Epub 2009 Oct 26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  9. Philip PA, Benedetti J, Corless CL, Wong R, O'Reilly EM, Flynn PJ, Rowland KM, Atkins JN, Mirtsching BC, Rivkin SE, Khorana AA, Goldman B, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Abbruzzese JL, Blanke CD. Phase III study comparing gemcitabine plus cetuximab versus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Southwest Oncology Group-directed intergroup trial S0205. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 1;28(22):3605-10. Epub 2010 Jul 6. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  10. Kindler HL, Ioka T, Richel DJ, Bennouna J, Létourneau R, Okusaka T, Funakoshi A, Furuse J, Park YS, Ohkawa S, Springett GM, Wasan HS, Trask PC, Bycott P, Ricart AD, Kim S, Van Cutsem E. Axitinib plus gemcitabine versus placebo plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a double-blind randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Mar;12(3):256-62. link to SD article contains verified protocol PubMed
  11. Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, Bouché O, Guimbaud R, Bécouarn Y, Adenis A, Raoul JL, Gourgou-Bourgade S, de la Fouchardière C, Bennouna J, Bachet JB, Khemissa-Akouz F, Péré-Vergé D, Delbaldo C, Assenat E, Chauffert B, Michel P, Montoto-Grillot C, Ducreux M; Groupe Tumeurs Digestives of Unicancer; PRODIGE Intergroup. FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 12;364(19):1817-25. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  12. Loehrer PJ Sr, Feng Y, Cardenes H, Wagner L, Brell JM, Cella D, Flynn P, Ramanathan RK, Crane CH, Alberts SR, Benson AB 3rd. Gemcitabine alone versus gemcitabine plus radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 1;29(31):4105-12. Epub 2011 Oct 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  13. Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, Chiorean EG, Infante J, Moore M, Seay T, Tjulandin SA, Ma WW, Saleh MN, Harris M, Reni M, Dowden S, Laheru D, Bahary N, Ramanathan RK, Tabernero J, Hidalgo M, Goldstein D, Van Cutsem E, Wei X, Iglesias J, Renschler MF. Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 31;369(18):1691-703. Epub 2013 Oct 16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  14. Catenacci DV, Junttila MR, Karrison T, Bahary N, Horiba MN, Nattam SR, Marsh R, Wallace J, Kozloff M, Rajdev L, Cohen D, Wade J, Sleckman B, Lenz HJ, Stiff P, Kumar P, Xu P, Henderson L, Takebe N, Salgia R, Wang X, Stadler WM, de Sauvage FJ, Kindler HL. Randomized Phase Ib/II Study of Gemcitabine Plus Placebo or Vismodegib, a Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor, in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Dec 20;33(36):4284-92. Epub 2015 Nov 2. link to original article link to PMC article contains protocol in supplement PubMed

GemCap, GEM-CAP

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GemCap/GEM-CAP: Gemcitabine, Capecitabine

Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator
Cunningham et al. 2009 Phase III Gemcitabine

Initial chemotherapy

8-week course, THEN

Maintenance chemotherapy

4-week cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator
Herrmann et al. 2007 Phase III Gemcitabine
Bernhard et al. 2008 (SAKK 44/00-CECOG/PAN.1.3.001) Phase III Gemcitabine

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 24 weeks

References

  1. Herrmann R, Bodoky G, Ruhstaller T, Glimelius B, Bajetta E, Schüller J, Saletti P, Bauer J, Figer A, Pestalozzi B, Köhne CH, Mingrone W, Stemmer SM, Tàmas K, Kornek GV, Koeberle D, Cina S, Bernhard J, Dietrich D, Scheithauer W; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research; Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Gemcitabine plus capecitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research and the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2212-7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Bernhard J, Dietrich D, Scheithauer W, Gerber D, Bodoky G, Ruhstaller T, Glimelius B, Bajetta E, Schüller J, Saletti P, Bauer J, Figer A, Pestalozzi BC, Köhne CH, Mingrone W, Stemmer SM, Tàmas K, Kornek GV, Koeberle D, Herrmann R; Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Clinical benefit and quality of life in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine plus capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone: a randomized multicenter phase III clinical trial--SAKK 44/00-CECOG/PAN.1.3.001. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 1;26(22):3695-701. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Cunningham D, Chau I, Stocken DD, Valle JW, Smith D, Steward W, Harper PG, Dunn J, Tudur-Smith C, West J, Falk S, Crellin A, Adab F, Thompson J, Leonard P, Ostrowski J, Eatock M, Scheithauer W, Herrmann R, Neoptolemos JP. Phase III randomized comparison of gemcitabine versus gemcitabine plus capecitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 20;27(33):5513-8. Epub 2009 Oct 26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

GemOx

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GemOx: Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Louvet et al. 2005 Phase III Gemcitabine
Poplin et al. 2009 (E6201) Phase III Gemcitabine
Gemcitabine, FDR

Chemotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. Louvet C, Labianca R, Hammel P, Lledo G, Zampino MG, André T, Zaniboni A, Ducreux M, Aitini E, Taïeb J, Faroux R, Lepere C, de Gramont A; GERCOR; GISCAD. Gemcitabine in combination with oxaliplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: results of a GERCOR and GISCAD phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3509-16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Poplin E, Feng Y, Berlin J, Rothenberg ML, Hochster H, Mitchell E, Alberts S, O'Dwyer P, Haller D, Catalano P, Cella D, Benson AB 3rd. Phase III, randomized study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin versus gemcitabine (fixed-dose rate infusion) compared with gemcitabine (30-minute infusion) in patients with pancreatic carcinoma E6201: a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 10;27(23):3778-85. Epub 2009 Jul 6. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine & nab-Paclitaxel

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator
Von Hoff et al. 2013 (MPACT) Phase III Gemcitabine

Chemotherapy

  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows (given second):
    • Cycle 1: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43
    • Cycle 2 onwards: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
  • Paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound (Abraxane) as follows (given first):
    • Cycle 1: 125 mg/m2 IV over 30 to 40 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43
    • Cycle 2 onwards: 125 mg/m2 IV over 30 to 40 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15

8-week cycle followed by 28-day cycles until disease progression or intolerance

Regimen #2

Study Evidence
Von Hoff et al. 2011 Phase II

Note: The abstract and body of Von Hoff et al. 2011 contradicted each other about which drug is given first in this regimen.

Chemotherapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. Von Hoff DD, Ramanathan RK, Borad MJ, Laheru DA, Smith LS, Wood TE, Korn RL, Desai N, Trieu V, Iglesias JL, Zhang H, Soon-Shiong P, Shi T, Rajeshkumar NV, Maitra A, Hidalgo M. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is an active regimen in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 1;29(34):4548-54. Epub 2011 Oct 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, Chiorean EG, Infante J, Moore M, Seay T, Tjulandin SA, Ma WW, Saleh MN, Harris M, Reni M, Dowden S, Laheru D, Bahary N, Ramanathan RK, Tabernero J, Hidalgo M, Goldstein D, Van Cutsem E, Wei X, Iglesias J, Renschler MF. Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 31;369(18):1691-703. Epub 2013 Oct 16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

GTX

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GTX: Gemcitabine, Taxotere (Docetaxel), Xeloda (Capecitabine)

Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase II

Note: De Jesus-Acosta et al. 2012 lists the capecitabine dose as "750 mg/m2/day orally divided into two doses," but this is believed to be a typographical error since the original reference that it cites, Fine et al. 2008, uses capecitabine at 750 mg/m2 PO BID. The 2009 ASCO abstract by Fine also lists this 750 mg/m2 PO BID (1500 mg/m2/day) dose.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Fine RL, Fogelman DR, Schreibman SM, Desai M, Sherman W, Strauss J, Guba S, Andrade R, Chabot J. The gemcitabine, docetaxel, and capecitabine (GTX) regimen for metastatic pancreatic cancer: a retrospective analysis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;61(1):167-75. Epub 2007 Apr 18. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  2. R. L. Fine, G. Moorer, W. Sherman, K. Chu, M. Maurer, J. Chabot, I. Postolov, J. Prowda, S. Schreibman, J. Levitz. Phase II trial of GTX chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer. 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting abstract 4623. link to abstract content property of HemOnc.org
  3. De Jesus-Acosta A, Oliver GR, Blackford A, Kinsman K, Flores EI, Wilfong LS, Zheng L, Donehower RC, Cosgrove D, Laheru D, Le DT, Chung K, Diaz LA Jr. A multicenter analysis of GTX chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;69(2):415-24. Epub 2011 Jul 29. link to original article contains verified protocol--with error as noted above PubMed

OFF

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OFF: Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, Folinic acid

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator
Pelzer et al. 2011 (CONKO-003) Phase III Best supportive care
Oettle et al. 2014 (CONKO-003) Phase III Fluorouracil & Folinic acid

Note: The treatment section of Pelzer et al. 2011 incorrectly lists the oxaliplatin dose as "0.85 g/m2," or 850 mg/m2.

Chemotherapy

42-day cycles

References

  1. Pelzer U, Schwaner I, Stieler J, Adler M, Seraphin J, Dörken B, Riess H, Oettle H. Best supportive care (BSC) versus oxaliplatin, folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil (OFF) plus BSC in patients for second-line advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III-study from the German CONKO-study group. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Jul;47(11):1676-81. Epub 2011 May 10. link to original article contains verified protocol--with error as noted above PubMed
  2. Oettle H, Riess H, Stieler JM, Heil G, Schwaner I, Seraphin J, Görner M, Mölle M, Greten TF, Lakner V, Bischoff S, Sinn M, Dörken B, Pelzer U. Second-line oxaliplatin, folinic acid, and fluorouracil versus folinic acid and fluorouracil alone for gemcitabine-refractory pancreatic cancer: outcomes from the CONKO-003 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Aug 10;32(23):2423-9. Epub 2014 Jun 30. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Olaparib (Lynparza)

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Kaufman et al. 2014 Phase II

Patients had germline BRCA1/2 mutations and had previously received gemcitabine.

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression

References

  1. Kaufman B, Shapira-Frommer R, Schmutzler RK, Audeh MW, Friedlander M, Balmaña J, Mitchell G, Fried G, Stemmer SM, Hubert A, Rosengarten O, Steiner M, Loman N, Bowen K, Fielding A, Domchek SM. Olaparib monotherapy in patients with advanced cancer and a germline BRCA1/2 mutation. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jan 20;33(3):244-50. Epub 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound (Abraxane)

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Hosein et al. 2013 Phase II

Chemotherapy

28-day cycles

References

  1. Hosein PJ, de Lima Lopes G Jr, Pastorini VH, Gomez C, Macintyre J, Zayas G, Reis I, Montero AJ, Merchan JR, Rocha Lima CM. A Phase II Trial of nab-Paclitaxel as Second-line Therapy in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr;36(2):151-6. Epub 2012 Feb 2. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

XELOX; CapeOx

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XELOX: XELoda (Capecitabine), OXaliplatin
CapeOX: Capecitabine, OXaliplatin

Regimen

Study Evidence
Xiong et al. 2008 Phase II

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. Xiong HQ, Varadhachary GR, Blais JC, Hess KR, Abbruzzese JL, Wolff RA. Phase 2 trial of oxaliplatin plus capecitabine (XELOX) as second-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 2008 Oct 15;113(8):2046-52. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
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