Melanoma, BRAF-mutated
Section editor transclusions Note: these are regimens tested in biomarker-specific populations, please see the main melanoma page for other regimens.
13 regimens on this page
12 variants on this page
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Adjuvant therapy
Dabrafenib & Trametinib
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Long et al. 2017 (COMBI-AD) | 2013-2014 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | Placebo | Superior MFS1 MFS60: 65% vs 54% (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.44-0.70) |
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2020 update.
Preceding treatment
- Completion lymphadenectomy, within 12 weeks
Targeted therapy
- Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) 150 mg PO twice per day
- Trametinib (Mekinist) 2 mg PO once per day
Up to 12-month course
References
- COMBI-AD: Long GV, Hauschild A, Santinami M, Atkinson V, Mandalà M, Chiarion-Sileni V, Larkin J, Nyakas M, Dutriaux C, Haydon A, Robert C, Mortier L, Schachter J, Schadendorf D, Lesimple T, Plummer R, Ji R, Zhang P, Mookerjee B, Legos J, Kefford R, Dummer R, Kirkwood JM. Adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in stage III BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 9;377(19):1813-1823. Epub 2017 Sep 10. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01682083
- Update: Hauschild A, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, Santinami M, Atkinson V, Mandalà M, Chiarion-Sileni V, Larkin J, Nyakas M, Dutriaux C, Haydon A, Robert C, Mortier L, Schachter J, Lesimple T, Plummer R, Dasgupta K, Haas T, Shilkrut M, Gasal E, Kefford R, Kirkwood JM, Long GV. Longer Follow-Up Confirms Relapse-Free Survival Benefit With Adjuvant Dabrafenib Plus Trametinib in Patients With Resected BRAF V600-Mutant Stage III Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Dec 10;36(35):3441-3449. Epub 2018 Oct 22. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
- Update: Dummer R, Hauschild A, Santinami M, Atkinson V, Mandalà M, Kirkwood JM, Chiarion Sileni V, Larkin J, Nyakas M, Dutriaux C, Haydon A, Robert C, Mortier L, Schachter J, Lesimple T, Plummer R, Dasgupta K, Gasal E, Tan M, Long GV, Schadendorf D. Five-Year Analysis of Adjuvant Dabrafenib plus Trametinib in Stage III Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 17;383(12):1139-1148. Epub 2020 Sep 2. link to original article PubMed
Vemurafenib monotherapy
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Regimen
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maio et al. 2018 (BRIM8) | 2012-2015 | Phase 3 (E-esc) | Placebo | Might have superior DFS1 (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54-1.18) |
1Reported efficacy is based on the results for cohort 2, which was analyzed first as per the prespecified approach.
Preceding treatment
- Complete resection, timing not specified
Targeted therapy
- Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) 960 mg PO twice per day
28-day cycle for 13 cycles (1 year)
References
- BRIM8: Maio M, Lewis K, Demidov L, Mandalà M, Bondarenko I, Ascierto PA, Herbert C, Mackiewicz A, Rutkowski P, Guminski A, Goodman GR, Simmons B, Ye C, Yan Y, Schadendorf D; BRIM8 Investigators. Adjuvant vemurafenib in resected, BRAF(V600) mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM8): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):510-520. Epub 2018 Feb 21. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):e184. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01667419
Advanced or metastatic disease, BRAF inhibitor-naive
Binimetinib & Encorafenib
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dummer et al. 2018 (COLUMBUS) | 2013-2015 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | 1. Encorafenib | Not reported |
2. Vemurafenib | Superior OS1 Median OS: 33.6 mo vs 16.9 mo (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48-0.79) |
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2020 update.
Targeted therapy
- Binimetinib (Mektovi) 45 mg PO twice per day
- Encorafenib (Braftovi) 450 mg PO once per day
Continued indefinitely
References
- COLUMBUS: Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT. Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 May;19(5):603-615. Epub 2018 Mar 21. link to original article contains protocol PubMed NCT01909453
- Update: Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT. Overall survival in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma receiving encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct;19(10):1315-1327. Epub 2018 Sep 12. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct;19(10):e509. link to original article PubMed
- Update: Ascierto PA, Dummer R, Gogas HJ, Flaherty KT, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, de Groot JWB, Loquai C, Gollerkeri A, Pickard MD, Robert C. Update on tolerability and overall survival in COLUMBUS: landmark analysis of a randomised phase 3 trial of encorafenib plus binimetinib vs vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2020 Feb;126:33-44. Epub 2020 Jan 2. link to original article PubMed
Cobimetinib & Vemurafenib
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Larkin et al. 2014 (coBRIM) | 2013-2014 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | Vemurafenib | Superior OS1 (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55-0.90) |
Gutzmer et al. 2020 (IMspire150) | 2017-2018 | Phase 3 (C) | Cobimetinib, Vemurafenib, Atezolizumab | Seems to have inferior PFS |
1Reported efficacy for coBRIM is based on the 2016 update.
Targeted therapy
- Cobimetinib (Cotellic) 60 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 21
- Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) 960 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 28
28-day cycles
References
- coBRIM: Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dréno B, Atkinson V, Liszkay G, Maio M, Mandalà M, Demidov L, Stroyakovskiy D, Thomas L, de la Cruz-Merino L, Dutriaux C, Garbe C, Sovak MA, Chang I, Choong N, Hack SP, McArthur GA, Ribas A. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 13;371(20):1867-76. Epub 2014 Sep 29. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01689519
- Update: Ascierto PA, McArthur GA, Dréno B, Atkinson V, Liszkay G, Di Giacomo AM, Mandalà M, Demidov L, Stroyakovskiy D, Thomas L, de la Cruz-Merino L, Dutriaux C, Garbe C, Yan Y, Wongchenko M, Chang I, Hsu JJ, Koralek DO, Rooney I, Ribas A, Larkin J. Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Sep;17(9):1248-60. Epub 2016 Jul 30. link to original article PubMed
- IMspire150: Gutzmer R, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Robert C, Lewis K, Protsenko S, Pereira RP, Eigentler T, Rutkowski P, Demidov L, Manikhas GM, Yan Y, Huang KC, Uyei A, McNally V, McArthur GA, Ascierto PA. Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib as first-line treatment for unresectable advanced BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma (IMspire150): primary analysis of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1835-1844. link to original article PubMed NCT02908672
Cobimetinib, Vemurafenib, Atezolizumab
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gutzmer et al. 2020 (IMspire150) | 2017-2018 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | Cobimetinib & Vemurafenib | Seems to have superior PFS Median PFS: 15.1 mo vs 10.6 mo (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.97) |
Note: dosing details are from the FDA recommended dosing and are not available in the abstract.
Targeted therapy
- Cobimetinib (Cotellic) 60 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 21
- Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) 720 mg PO twice per day
Immunotherapy
- Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) as follows:
- Cycle 2 onwards: 840 mg IV once per day on days 1 & 15
28-day cycles
References
- IMspire150: Gutzmer R, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Robert C, Lewis K, Protsenko S, Pereira RP, Eigentler T, Rutkowski P, Demidov L, Manikhas GM, Yan Y, Huang KC, Uyei A, McNally V, McArthur GA, Ascierto PA. Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib as first-line treatment for unresectable advanced BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma (IMspire150): primary analysis of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1835-1844. link to original article PubMed NCT02908672
Dabrafenib monotherapy
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hauschild et al. 2012 (BREAK-3) | 2010-2011 | Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ooc) | Dacarbazine | Superior PFS |
Flaherty et al. 2012 (Novartis 113220) | 2010-2011 | Randomized Phase II (C) | Dabrafenib & Trametinib | Inferior PFS |
Long et al. 2014 (COMBI-d) | 2012-2013 | Phase 3 (C) | Dabrafenib & Trametinib | Seems to have inferior OS |
Targeted therapy
- Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) 150 mg PO twice per day
Continued indefinitely
References
- BREAK-3: Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV, Jouary T, Gutzmer R, Millward M, Rutkowski P, Blank CU, Miller WH Jr, Kaempgen E, Martín-Algarra S, Karaszewska B, Mauch C, Chiarion-Sileni V, Martin AM, Swann S, Haney P, Mirakhur B, Guckert ME, Goodman V, Chapman PB. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Jul 28;380(9839):358-65. Epub 2012 Jun 25. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01227889
- Novartis 113220: Flaherty KT, Infante JR, Daud A, Gonzalez R, Kefford RF, Sosman J, Hamid O, Schuchter L, Cebon J, Ibrahim N, Kudchadkar R, Burris HA 3rd, Falchook G, Algazi A, Lewis K, Long GV, Puzanov I, Lebowitz P, Singh A, Little S, Sun P, Allred A, Ouellet D, Kim KB, Patel K, Weber J. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov;367(18):1694-703. Epub 2012 Sep 29. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01072175
- Update: Long GV, Weber JS, Infante JR, Kim KB, Daud A, Gonzalez R, Sosman JA, Hamid O, Schuchter L, Cebon J, Kefford RF, Lawrence D, Kudchadkar R, Burris HA 3rd, Falchook GS, Algazi A, Lewis K, Puzanov I, Ibrahim N, Sun P, Cunningham E, Kline AS, Del Buono H, McDowell DO, Patel K, Flaherty KT. Overall survival and durable responses in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma receiving dabrafenib combined with trametinib. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Mar 10;34(8):871-8. Epub 2016 Jan 25. link to original article PubMed
- COMBI-d: Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Chiarion Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JB, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Kovalenko N, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, DeMarini DJ, Irani JG, Casey M, Ouellet D, Martin AM, Le N, Patel K, Flaherty K. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 13;371(20):1877-88. Epub 2014 Sep 29. link to original article PubMed NCT01584648
- Update: Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Chiarion-Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JB, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Kovalenko N, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, DeMarini DJ, Irani JG, Swann S, Legos JJ, Jin F, Mookerjee B, Flaherty K. Dabrafenib and trametinib versus dabrafenib and placebo for Val600 BRAF-mutant melanoma: a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):444-51. Epub 2015 May 31. link to original article PubMed
- Update: Long GV, Flaherty KT, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Chiarion-Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JBAG, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, Davies MA, Lane SR, Legos JJ, Mookerjee B, Grob JJ. Dabrafenib plus trametinib versus dabrafenib monotherapy in patients with metastatic BRAF V600E/K-mutant melanoma: long-term survival and safety analysis of a phase 3 study. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(7):1631-1639. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
- Pooled update: Robert C, Grob JJ, Stroyakovskiy D, Karaszewska B, Hauschild A, Levchenko E, Chiarion Sileni V, Schachter J, Garbe C, Bondarenko I, Gogas H, Mandalá M, Haanen JBAG, Lebbé C, Mackiewicz A, Rutkowski P, Nathan PD, Ribas A, Davies MA, Flaherty KT, Burgess P, Tan M, Gasal E, Voi M, Schadendorf D, Long GV. Five-year outcomes with dabrafenib plus trametinib in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):626-636. Epub 2019 Jun 4. link to original article PubMed
Dabrafenib & Trametinib
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flaherty et al. 2012 (Novartis 113220) | 2010-2011 | Randomized Phase II (E-esc) | Dabrafenib | Superior PFS |
Long et al. 2014 (COMBI-d) | 2012-2013 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | Dabrafenib | Seems to have superior OS |
Robert et al. 2014 (COMBI-v) | 2012-2013 | Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) | Vemurafenib | Superior OS OS12: 72% vs 65% (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53-0.89) |
Targeted therapy
- Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) 150 mg PO twice per day
- Trametinib (Mekinist) 2 mg PO once per day
Continued indefinitely
References
- Novartis 113220: Flaherty KT, Infante JR, Daud A, Gonzalez R, Kefford RF, Sosman J, Hamid O, Schuchter L, Cebon J, Ibrahim N, Kudchadkar R, Burris HA 3rd, Falchook G, Algazi A, Lewis K, Long GV, Puzanov I, Lebowitz P, Singh A, Little S, Sun P, Allred A, Ouellet D, Kim KB, Patel K, Weber J. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov;367(18):1694-703. Epub 2012 Sep 29. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01072175
- Update: Long GV, Weber JS, Infante JR, Kim KB, Daud A, Gonzalez R, Sosman JA, Hamid O, Schuchter L, Cebon J, Kefford RF, Lawrence D, Kudchadkar R, Burris HA 3rd, Falchook GS, Algazi A, Lewis K, Puzanov I, Ibrahim N, Sun P, Cunningham E, Kline AS, Del Buono H, McDowell DO, Patel K, Flaherty KT. Overall survival and durable responses in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma receiving dabrafenib combined with trametinib. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Mar 10;34(8):871-8. Epub 2016 Jan 25. link to original article PubMed
- COMBI-d: Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Chiarion Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JB, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Kovalenko N, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, DeMarini DJ, Irani JG, Casey M, Ouellet D, Martin AM, Le N, Patel K, Flaherty K. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 13;371(20):1877-88. Epub 2014 Sep 29. link to original article PubMed NCT01584648
- Update: Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Chiarion-Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JB, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Kovalenko N, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, DeMarini DJ, Irani JG, Swann S, Legos JJ, Jin F, Mookerjee B, Flaherty K. Dabrafenib and trametinib versus dabrafenib and placebo for Val600 BRAF-mutant melanoma: a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):444-51. Epub 2015 May 31. link to original article PubMed
- Update: Long GV, Flaherty KT, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J, Garbe C, Jouary T, Hauschild A, Chiarion-Sileni V, Lebbe C, Mandalà M, Millward M, Arance A, Bondarenko I, Haanen JBAG, Hansson J, Utikal J, Ferraresi V, Mohr P, Probachai V, Schadendorf D, Nathan P, Robert C, Ribas A, Davies MA, Lane SR, Legos JJ, Mookerjee B, Grob JJ. Dabrafenib plus trametinib versus dabrafenib monotherapy in patients with metastatic BRAF V600E/K-mutant melanoma: long-term survival and safety analysis of a phase 3 study. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(7):1631-1639. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
- Pooled update: Robert C, Grob JJ, Stroyakovskiy D, Karaszewska B, Hauschild A, Levchenko E, Chiarion Sileni V, Schachter J, Garbe C, Bondarenko I, Gogas H, Mandalá M, Haanen JBAG, Lebbé C, Mackiewicz A, Rutkowski P, Nathan PD, Ribas A, Davies MA, Flaherty KT, Burgess P, Tan M, Gasal E, Voi M, Schadendorf D, Long GV. Five-year outcomes with dabrafenib plus trametinib in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):626-636. Epub 2019 Jun 4. link to original article PubMed
- COMBI-v: Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A, Stroiakovski D, Lichinitser M, Dummer R, Grange F, Mortier L, Chiarion-Sileni V, Drucis K, Krajsova I, Hauschild A, Lorigan P, Wolter P, Long GV, Flaherty K, Nathan P, Ribas A, Martin AM, Sun P, Crist W, Legos J, Rubin SD, Little SM, Schadendorf D. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):30-9. Epub 2014 Nov 16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01597908
- Pooled update: Robert C, Grob JJ, Stroyakovskiy D, Karaszewska B, Hauschild A, Levchenko E, Chiarion Sileni V, Schachter J, Garbe C, Bondarenko I, Gogas H, Mandalá M, Haanen JBAG, Lebbé C, Mackiewicz A, Rutkowski P, Nathan PD, Ribas A, Davies MA, Flaherty KT, Burgess P, Tan M, Gasal E, Voi M, Schadendorf D, Long GV. Five-year outcomes with dabrafenib plus trametinib in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):626-636. Epub 2019 Jun 4. link to original article PubMed
Dacarbazine monotherapy
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Regimen
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chapman et al. 2011 (BRIM-3) | 2010 | Phase 3 (C) | Vemurafenib | Inferior OS |
Hauschild et al. 2012 (BREAK-3) | 2010-2011 | Phase 3 (C) | Dabrafenib | Inferior PFS |
Flaherty et al. 2012 (METRIC) | 2010-2011 | Phase 3 (C) | Trametinib | Seems to have inferior OS |
Chemotherapy
- Dacarbazine (DTIC) 1000 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
21-day cycles
References
- BRIM-3: Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, Haanen JB, Ascierto P, Larkin J, Dummer R, Garbe C, Testori A, Maio M, Hogg D, Lorigan P, Lebbe C, Jouary T, Schadendorf D, Ribas A, O'Day SJ, Sosman JA, Kirkwood JM, Eggermont AM, Dreno B, Nolop K, Li J, Nelson B, Hou J, Lee RJ, Flaherty KT, McArthur GA; BRIM-3 Study Group. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2507-16. Epub 2011 Jun 5. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01006980
- Update: McArthur GA, Chapman PB, Robert C, Larkin J, Haanen JB, Dummer R, Ribas A, Hogg D, Hamid O, Ascierto PA, Garbe C, Testori A, Maio M, Lorigan P, Lebbé C, Jouary T, Schadendorf D, O'Day SJ, Kirkwood JM, Eggermont AM, Dréno B, Sosman JA, Flaherty KT, Yin M, Caro I, Cheng S, Trunzer K, Hauschild A. Safety and efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) and BRAF(V600K) mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM-3): extended follow-up of a phase 3, randomised, open-label study. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Mar;15(3):323-32. Epub 2014 Feb 7. link to PMC article PubMed
- BREAK-3: Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV, Jouary T, Gutzmer R, Millward M, Rutkowski P, Blank CU, Miller WH Jr, Kaempgen E, Martín-Algarra S, Karaszewska B, Mauch C, Chiarion-Sileni V, Martin AM, Swann S, Haney P, Mirakhur B, Guckert ME, Goodman V, Chapman PB. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Jul 28;380(9839):358-65. Epub 2012 Jun 25. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01227889
- METRIC: Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P, Nathan P, Garbe C, Milhem M, Demidov LV, Hassel JC, Rutkowski P, Mohr P, Dummer R, Trefzer U, Larkin JM, Utikal J, Dreno B, Nyakas M, Middleton MR, Becker JC, Casey M, Sherman LJ, Wu FS, Ouellet D, Martin AM, Patel K, Schadendorf D; METRIC Study Group. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367(2):107-14. Epub 2012 Jun 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01245062
Ipilimumab & Nivolumab
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Protocol
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy | Comparative Toxicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awaiting publication (DREAMseq) | 2015-2021 | Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) | Dabrafenib & Trametinib followed by Ipilimumab & Nivolumab | Superior OS | More grade 3 to 5 TRAEs |
Immunotherapy
- Ipilimumab (Yervoy) as follows:
- Cycles 1 to 4: 3 mg/kg IV once on day 1
- Nivolumab (Opdivo) as follows:
- Cycles 1 to 4: 1 mg/kg IV once on day 1
- Cycle 5 onwards: 240 mg IV once on day 1
21-day cycle for 4 cycles, then 14-day cycles for up to 72 weeks
Subsequent treatment
- Upon progressive disease, patients were switched to targeted therapy with Dabrafenib and Trametinib:
Targeted therapy
- Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) 150 mg PO twice per day
- Trametinib (Mekinist) 2 mg PO once per day
Continued indefinitely
References
- Abstract: Atkins MB, Lee SJ, Chmielowski B, Ribas A, Tarhini AA, Troung TG, Davar D, O'Rourke MA, Curti BD, Brell JM, Kendra KL, Wolchock JD, Kirkwood JM, Ikeguchi A. Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 36_suppl (December 20, 2021) 356154-356154. Abstract NCT02224781
Paclitaxel monotherapy
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Regimen
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flaherty et al. 2012 (METRIC) | 2010-2011 | Phase 3 (C) | Trametinib | Seems to have inferior OS |
This was a therapy option for patients in the control arm of METRIC. To our knowledge, this regimen was not tested as an experimental arm in an RCT prior to becoming a standard comparator arm.
Chemotherapy
- Paclitaxel (Taxol) 175 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
21-day cycles
References
- METRIC: Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P, Nathan P, Garbe C, Milhem M, Demidov LV, Hassel JC, Rutkowski P, Mohr P, Dummer R, Trefzer U, Larkin JM, Utikal J, Dreno B, Nyakas M, Middleton MR, Becker JC, Casey M, Sherman LJ, Wu FS, Ouellet D, Martin AM, Patel K, Schadendorf D; METRIC Study Group. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367(2):107-14. Epub 2012 Jun 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01245062
Trametinib monotherapy
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Regimen
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Falchook et al. 2012 (MEK111054) | 2008-2010 | Phase 1, >20 pts in this dosing cohort | ||
Kim et al. 2012 (GSK 113583) | 2009-2010 | Phase II | ORR: 25% | |
Flaherty et al. 2012 (METRIC) | 2010-2011 | Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ooc) | 1. Dacarbazine 2. Paclitaxel |
Seems to have superior OS |
Targeted therapy
- Trametinib (Mekinist) 2 mg PO once per day
References
- METRIC: Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P, Nathan P, Garbe C, Milhem M, Demidov LV, Hassel JC, Rutkowski P, Mohr P, Dummer R, Trefzer U, Larkin JM, Utikal J, Dreno B, Nyakas M, Middleton MR, Becker JC, Casey M, Sherman LJ, Wu FS, Ouellet D, Martin AM, Patel K, Schadendorf D; METRIC Study Group. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367(2):107-14. Epub 2012 Jun 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01245062
- Update: Robert C, Flaherty K, Nathan P, Hersey P, Garbe C, Milhem M, Demidov L, Mohr P, Hassel JC, Rutkowski P, Dummer R, Utikal J, Kiecker F, Larkin J, D'Amelio A Jr, Mookerjee B, Schadendorf D. Five-year outcomes from a phase 3 METRIC study in patients with BRAF V600 E/K-mutant advanced or metastatic melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Mar;109:61-69. Epub 2019 Jan 25. link to original article PubMed
- Phase 1: Falchook GS, Lewis KD, Infante JR, Gordon MS, Vogelzang NJ, DeMarini DJ, Sun P, Moy C, Szabo SA, Roadcap LT, Peddareddigari VG, Lebowitz PF, Le NT, Burris HA 3rd, Messersmith WA, O'Dwyer PJ, Kim KB, Flaherty K, Bendell JC, Gonzalez R, Kurzrock R, Fecher LA. Activity of the oral MEK inhibitor trametinib in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Aug;13(8):782-9. Epub 2012 Jul 16. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT00687622
- GSK 113583: Kim KB, Kefford R, Pavlick AC, Infante JR, Ribas A, Sosman JA, Fecher LA, Millward M, McArthur GA, Hwu P, Gonzalez R, Ott PA, Long GV, Gardner OS, Ouellet D, Xu Y, DeMarini DJ, Le NT, Patel K, Lewis KD. Phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma previously treated with or without a BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 1;31(4):482-9. Epub 2012 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01037127
Vemurafenib monotherapy
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Regimen
FDA-recommended dose |
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Comparator | Comparative Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flaherty et al. 2010 | NR | Phase I/II | ||
Sosman et al. 2012 (BRIM2) | 2009-2010 | Phase II (RT) | ORR: 53% (95% CI: 44-62) | |
Chapman et al. 2011 (BRIM-3) | 2010 | Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ooc) | Dacarbazine | Superior OS1 Median OS: 13.6 vs 9.7 mo (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.87) |
Robert et al. 2014 (COMBI-v) | 2012-2013 | Phase 3 (C) | Dabrafenib & Trametinib | Inferior OS |
Larkin et al. 2014 (coBRIM) | 2013-2014 | Phase 3 (C) | Cobimetinib & Vemurafenib | Inferior OS2 |
Dummer et al. 2018 (COLUMBUS) | 2013-2015 | Phase 3 (C) | 1. Binimetinib & Encorafenib | Inferior OS3 |
2. Encorafenib | Not reported |
2Reported efficacy for BRIM-3 is based on the 2014 update.
2Reported efficacy for coBRIM is based on the 2016 update.
3Reported efficacy for COLUMBUS is based on the 2018 update.
Targeted therapy
- Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) 960 mg PO twice per day
Continued indefinitely
References
- Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB, Ribas A, McArthur GA, Sosman JA, O'Dwyer PJ, Lee RJ, Grippo JF, Nolop K, Chapman PB. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 26;363(9):809-19. link to original article link to PMC article contains protocol PubMed
- BRIM-3: Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, Haanen JB, Ascierto P, Larkin J, Dummer R, Garbe C, Testori A, Maio M, Hogg D, Lorigan P, Lebbe C, Jouary T, Schadendorf D, Ribas A, O'Day SJ, Sosman JA, Kirkwood JM, Eggermont AM, Dreno B, Nolop K, Li J, Nelson B, Hou J, Lee RJ, Flaherty KT, McArthur GA; BRIM-3 Study Group. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2507-16. Epub 2011 Jun 5. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01006980
- Update: McArthur GA, Chapman PB, Robert C, Larkin J, Haanen JB, Dummer R, Ribas A, Hogg D, Hamid O, Ascierto PA, Garbe C, Testori A, Maio M, Lorigan P, Lebbé C, Jouary T, Schadendorf D, O'Day SJ, Kirkwood JM, Eggermont AM, Dréno B, Sosman JA, Flaherty KT, Yin M, Caro I, Cheng S, Trunzer K, Hauschild A. Safety and efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) and BRAF(V600K) mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM-3): extended follow-up of a phase 3, randomised, open-label study. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Mar;15(3):323-32. Epub 2014 Feb 7. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
- BRIM2: Sosman JA, Kim KB, Schuchter L, Gonzalez R, Pavlick AC, Weber JS, McArthur GA, Hutson TE, Moschos SJ, Flaherty KT, Hersey P, Kefford R, Lawrence D, Puzanov I, Lewis KD, Amaravadi RK, Chmielowski B, Lawrence HJ, Shyr Y, Ye F, Li J, Nolop KB, Lee RJ, Joe AK, Ribas A. Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 23;366(8):707-14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT00949702
- coBRIM: Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dréno B, Atkinson V, Liszkay G, Maio M, Mandalà M, Demidov L, Stroyakovskiy D, Thomas L, de la Cruz-Merino L, Dutriaux C, Garbe C, Sovak MA, Chang I, Choong N, Hack SP, McArthur GA, Ribas A. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 13;371(20):1867-76. Epub 2014 Sep 29.link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01689519
- Update: Ascierto PA, McArthur GA, Dréno B, Atkinson V, Liszkay G, Di Giacomo AM, Mandalà M, Demidov L, Stroyakovskiy D, Thomas L, de la Cruz-Merino L, Dutriaux C, Garbe C, Yan Y, Wongchenko M, Chang I, Hsu JJ, Koralek DO, Rooney I, Ribas A, Larkin J. Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Sep;17(9):1248-60. Epub 2016 Jul 30. link to original article PubMed
- COMBI-v: Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A, Stroiakovski D, Lichinitser M, Dummer R, Grange F, Mortier L, Chiarion-Sileni V, Drucis K, Krajsova I, Hauschild A, Lorigan P, Wolter P, Long GV, Flaherty K, Nathan P, Ribas A, Martin AM, Sun P, Crist W, Legos J, Rubin SD, Little SM, Schadendorf D. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):30-9. Epub 2014 Nov 16. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed NCT01597908
- Pooled update: Robert C, Grob JJ, Stroyakovskiy D, Karaszewska B, Hauschild A, Levchenko E, Chiarion Sileni V, Schachter J, Garbe C, Bondarenko I, Gogas H, Mandalá M, Haanen JBAG, Lebbé C, Mackiewicz A, Rutkowski P, Nathan PD, Ribas A, Davies MA, Flaherty KT, Burgess P, Tan M, Gasal E, Voi M, Schadendorf D, Long GV. Five-year outcomes with dabrafenib plus trametinib in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):626-636. Epub 2019 Jun 4. link to original article PubMed
- COLUMBUS: Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT. Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 May;19(5):603-615. Epub 2018 Mar 21. link to original article contains protocol PubMed NCT01909453
- Update: Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT. Overall survival in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma receiving encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct;19(10):1315-1327. Epub 2018 Sep 12. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct;19(10):e509. link to original article PubMed
- Update: Ascierto PA, Dummer R, Gogas HJ, Flaherty KT, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, de Groot JWB, Loquai C, Gollerkeri A, Pickard MD, Robert C. Update on tolerability and overall survival in COLUMBUS: landmark analysis of a randomised phase 3 trial of encorafenib plus binimetinib vs vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2020 Feb;126:33-44. Epub 2020 Jan 2. link to original article PubMed
Advanced or metastatic disease, BRAF inhibitor-exposed
Trametinib monotherapy
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Regimen
Study | Years of enrollment | Evidence | Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|
Kim et al. 2012 (GSK 113583) | 2009-2010 | Phase II | ORR: 0% |
Biomarker eligibility criteria
- Gene: BRAF
- Alteration: V600E, V600K, or V600D
Targeted therapy
- Trametinib (Mekinist) 2 mg PO once per day
References
- GSK 113583: Kim KB, Kefford R, Pavlick AC, Infante JR, Ribas A, Sosman JA, Fecher LA, Millward M, McArthur GA, Hwu P, Gonzalez R, Ott PA, Long GV, Gardner OS, Ouellet D, Xu Y, DeMarini DJ, Le NT, Patel K, Lewis KD. Phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma previously treated with or without a BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 1;31(4):482-9. Epub 2012 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed NCT01037127