Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

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Francesca Montanari, MD
Yale University
New Haven, CT, USA
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Tarsheen Sethi, MD, MSCI
Yale University
New Haven, CT, USA
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Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) of the monomorphic variety is typically treated as per the histologic subtype, which is usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, some regimens specific to PTLD have been developed, primarily due to concern of excess infectious toxicities in the setting of immunosuppression, and are included here.

Last updated on 2024-07-23:
8 regimens on this page
10 variants on this page


Guidelines

Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.

NCCN


Induction

ACVBP, dose-adjusted

ACVBP: Adriamycin (Doxorubicin), Cyclophosphamide, Vindesine, Bleomycin, Prednisone

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Fohrer et al. 2006 1989-2003 Phase 2

Note: This is of historical interest, only.

Chemotherapy

Glucocorticoid therapy

14-day cycle for 6 cycles

References

  1. Fohrer C, Caillard S, Koumarianou A, Ellero B, Woehl-Jaeglé ML, Meyer C, Epailly E, Chenard MP, Lioure B, Natarajan-Ame S, Maloisel F, Lutun P, Kessler R, Moulin B, Bergerat JP, Wolf P, Herbrecht R. Long-term survival in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders with a dose-adjusted ACVBP regimen. Br J Haematol. 2006 Sep;134(6):602-12. Epub 2006 Aug 2. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed


Rituximab monotherapy

Regimen variant #1, 4-week course

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Oertel et al. 2005 1999-2002 Phase 2, fewer than 20 pts
Choquet et al. 2005 2000-2001 Phase 2
González-Barca et al. 2007 2000-2005 Phase 2
Trappe et al. 2011 (PTLD-1) 2002-2008 Phase 2

Note: This regimen was intended for B-cell PTLD. Note that this was a modification of the original PTLD-1 trial schema.

Targeted therapy

7-day cycle for 4 cycles

Subsequent treatment

  • González-Barca et al. 2007: Patients underwent interim staging 4 to 8 weeks later
    • González-Barca et al. 2007, patients achieving CR: no further treatment
    • González-Barca et al. 2007, patients achieving PR: Rituximab consolidation
  • PTLD-1: Patients underwent interim staging by CT between days 40 and 50
    • PTLD-1, patients achieving CR: Rituximab consolidation
    • PTLD-1, patients not achieving CR: Salvage R-CHOP

Regimen variant #2, q6mo blocks

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Blaes et al. 2005 1999-2001 Phase 2, fewer than 20 pts

Targeted therapy

6-month cycle for up to 4 cycles (2 years)

References

  1. Blaes AH, Peterson BA, Bartlett N, Dunn DL, Morrison VA. Rituximab therapy is effective for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: results of a phase II trial. Cancer. 2005 Oct 15;104(8):1661-7. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
  2. Oertel SH, Verschuuren E, Reinke P, Zeidler K, Papp-Váry M, Babel N, Trappe RU, Jonas S, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Dörken B, Riess HB. Effect of anti-CD 20 antibody rituximab in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Am J Transplant. 2005 Dec;5(12):2901-6. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Choquet S, Oertel S, LeBlond V, Riess H, Varoqueaux N, Dörken B, Trappe RU. Rituximab in the management of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation: proceed with caution. Ann Hematol. 2007 Aug;86(8):599-607. Epub 2007 May 24. link to original article PubMed
  3. Choquet S, Leblond V, Herbrecht R, Socié G, Stoppa AM, Vandenberghe P, Fischer A, Morschhauser F, Salles G, Feremans W, Vilmer E, Peraldi MN, Lang P, Lebranchu Y, Oksenhendler E, Garnier JL, Lamy T, Jaccard A, Ferrant A, Offner F, Hermine O, Moreau A, Fafi-Kremer S, Morand P, Chatenoud L, Berriot-Varoqueaux N, Bergougnoux L, Milpied N. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood. 2006 Apr 15;107(8):3053-7. Epub 2005 Oct 27. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Choquet S, Oertel S, LeBlond V, Riess H, Varoqueaux N, Dörken B, Trappe RU. Rituximab in the management of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation: proceed with caution. Ann Hematol. 2007 Aug;86(8):599-607. Epub 2007 May 24. link to original article PubMed
  4. González-Barca E, Domingo-Domenech E, Capote FJ, Gómez-Codina J, Salar A, Bailen A, Ribera JM, López A, Briones J, Muñoz A, Encuentra M, de Sevilla AF; GEL/TAMO (Grupo Español de Linfomas); GELCAB (Grupo para el Estudio de los Linfomas Catalano-Balear); GOTEL (Grupo Oncológico para el Tratamiento y Estudio de los Linfomas). Prospective phase II trial of extended treatment with rituximab in patients with B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Haematologica. 2007 Nov;92(11):1489-94. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
  5. PTLD-1: Trappe RU, Oertel S, Leblond V, Mollee P, Sender M, Reinke P, Neuhaus R, Lehmkuhl H, Horst HA, Salles G, Morschhauser F, Jaccard A, Lamy T, Leithäuser M, Zimmermann H, Anagnostopoulos I, Raphael M, Riess H, Choquet S; German PTLD Study Group.; European PTLD Network. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):196-206. Epub 2011 Dec 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01458548
    1. Update: Trappe RU, Dierickx D, Zimmermann H, Morschhauser F, Mollee P, Zaucha JM, Dreyling MH, Dührsen U, Reinke P, Verhoef G, Subklewe M, Hüttmann A, Tousseyn T, Salles G, Kliem V, Hauser IA, Tarella C, Van Den Neste E, Gheysens O, Anagnostopoulos I, Leblond V, Riess H, Choquet S. Response to rituximab induction is a predictive marker in B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and allows successful stratification into rituximab or R-CHOP consolidation in an international, prospective, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;35(5):536-43. Epub 2016 Dec 19. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed


R, then CHOP

R, then CHOP: Rituximab followed by Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin (Doxorubicin), Oncovin (Vincristine), Predniso(lo)ne

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Trappe et al. 2011 (PTLD-1) 2002-2008 Phase 2

Targeted therapy, R portion (cycle 1)

Chemotherapy, CHOP portion (cycles 2 to 5)

Glucocorticoid therapy, CHOP portion (cycles 2 to 5)

Supportive therapy, CHOP portion (cycles 2 to 5)

8-week course, then 21-day cycle for 4 cycles

References

  1. PTLD-1: Trappe RU, Oertel S, Leblond V, Mollee P, Sender M, Reinke P, Neuhaus R, Lehmkuhl H, Horst HA, Salles G, Morschhauser F, Jaccard A, Lamy T, Leithäuser M, Zimmermann H, Anagnostopoulos I, Raphael M, Riess H, Choquet S; German PTLD Study Group.; European PTLD Network. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):196-206. Epub 2011 Dec 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01458548


R-CP

R-CP: Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Prednisone or Prednisolone

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Gross et al. 2012 (COG ANHL0221) 2004-2008 Phase 2

Note: This regimen was intended for patients less than 30 years of age.

Targeted therapy

Chemotherapy

Glucocorticoid therapy

21-day cycle for 6 cycles

References

  1. COG ANHL0221: Gross TG, Orjuela MA, Perkins SL, Park JR, Lynch JC, Cairo MS, Smith LM, Hayashi RJ. Low-dose chemotherapy and rituximab for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): a Children's Oncology Group Report. Am J Transplant. 2012 Nov;12(11):3069-75. Epub 2012 Aug 6. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article PubMed NCT00066469


Reduction of immunosuppression

RIS: Reduction of ImmunoSuppression

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Starzl et al. 1984 1979-12 to 1983-06-01 Case series
Reshef et al. 2011 1988-08 to 2008-06 Retrospective

No antineoplastic therapy, treatment consists of reduction or discontinuation (a.k.a., "withdrawal") of immunosuppressive medications.

References

  1. Case series: Starzl TE, Nalesnik MA, Porter KA, Ho M, Iwatsuki S, Griffith BP, Rosenthal JT, Hakala TR, Shaw BW Jr, Hardesty RL, Jaffe R, Bahnson HT. Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet. 1984 Mar 17;1(8377):583-7. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. Retrospective: Reshef R, Vardhanabhuti S, Luskin MR, Heitjan DF, Hadjiliadis D, Goral S, Krok KL, Goldberg LR, Porter DL, Stadtmauer EA, Tsai DE. Reduction of immunosuppression as initial therapy for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Transplant. 2011 Feb;11(2):336-47. Epub 2011 Jan 10. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed


Consolidation after upfront therapy

Rituximab monotherapy

Regimen variant #1, q3wk x 4

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Trappe et al. 2011 (PTLD-1) 2002-2008 Phase 2

Note: This regimen was intended for B-cell PTLD. Note that this was a modification of the original PTLD-1 trial schema.

Preceding treatment

Targeted therapy

21-day cycle for 4 cycles


Regimen variant #2, 4-week course

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
González-Barca et al. 2007 2000-2005 Phase 2

Preceding treatment

Targeted therapy

7-day cycle for 4 cycles

References

  1. González-Barca E, Domingo-Domenech E, Capote FJ, Gómez-Codina J, Salar A, Bailen A, Ribera JM, López A, Briones J, Muñoz A, Encuentra M, de Sevilla AF; GEL/TAMO (Grupo Español de Linfomas).; GELCAB (Grupo para el Estudio de los Linfomas Catalano-Balear).; GOTEL (Grupo Oncológico para el Tratamiento y Estudio de los Linfomas). Prospective phase II trial of extended treatment with rituximab in patients with B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Haematologica. 2007 Nov;92(11):1489-94. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
  2. PTLD-1: Trappe RU, Oertel S, Leblond V, Mollee P, Sender M, Reinke P, Neuhaus R, Lehmkuhl H, Horst HA, Salles G, Morschhauser F, Jaccard A, Lamy T, Leithäuser M, Zimmermann H, Anagnostopoulos I, Raphael M, Riess H, Choquet S; German PTLD Study Group.; European PTLD Network. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):196-206. Epub 2011 Dec 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01458548
    1. Update: Trappe RU, Dierickx D, Zimmermann H, Morschhauser F, Mollee P, Zaucha JM, Dreyling MH, Dührsen U, Reinke P, Verhoef G, Subklewe M, Hüttmann A, Tousseyn T, Salles G, Kliem V, Hauser IA, Tarella C, Van Den Neste E, Gheysens O, Anagnostopoulos I, Leblond V, Riess H, Choquet S. Response to rituximab induction is a predictive marker in B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and allows successful stratification into rituximab or R-CHOP consolidation in an international, prospective, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;35(5):536-43. Epub 2016 Dec 19. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed


R-CHOP

R-CHOP: Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin (Doxorubicin), Oncovin (Vincristine), Prednisone

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Trappe et al. 2011 (PTLD-1) 2002-2008 Phase 2

Note: This regimen was intended for B-cell PTLD. Note that this was a modification of the original PTLD-1 trial schema.

Preceding treatment

  • Rituximab induction x 4, without achievement of CR

Targeted therapy

Chemotherapy

Glucocorticoid therapy

Supportive therapy

21-day cycle for 4 cycles

References

  1. PTLD-1: Trappe RU, Oertel S, Leblond V, Mollee P, Sender M, Reinke P, Neuhaus R, Lehmkuhl H, Horst HA, Salles G, Morschhauser F, Jaccard A, Lamy T, Leithäuser M, Zimmermann H, Anagnostopoulos I, Raphael M, Riess H, Choquet S; German PTLD Study Group.; European PTLD Network. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):196-206. Epub 2011 Dec 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01458548
    1. Update: Trappe RU, Dierickx D, Zimmermann H, Morschhauser F, Mollee P, Zaucha JM, Dreyling MH, Dührsen U, Reinke P, Verhoef G, Subklewe M, Hüttmann A, Tousseyn T, Salles G, Kliem V, Hauser IA, Tarella C, Van Den Neste E, Gheysens O, Anagnostopoulos I, Leblond V, Riess H, Choquet S. Response to rituximab induction is a predictive marker in B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and allows successful stratification into rituximab or R-CHOP consolidation in an international, prospective, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;35(5):536-43. Epub 2016 Dec 19. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors PubMed


Subsequent lines of therapy

Tabelecleucel monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Mahadeo et al. 2024 (ALLELE) 2018-06-27 to 2021-11-05 Non-randomized Phase 3

Immunotherapy

35-day cycles

References

  1. ALLELE: Mahadeo KM, Baiocchi R, Beitinjaneh A, Chaganti S, Choquet S, Dierickx D, Dinavahi R, Duan X, Gamelin L, Ghobadi A, Guzman-Becerra N, Joshi M, Mehta A, Navarro WH, Nikiforow S, O'Reilly RJ, Reshef R, Ruiz F, Spindler T, Prockop S. Tabelecleucel for allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell or solid organ transplant recipients with Epstein-Barr virus-positive post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after failure of rituximab or rituximab and chemotherapy (ALLELE): a phase 3, multicentre, open-label trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024 Mar;25(3):376-387. Epub 2024 Jan 31. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT03394365


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