Chronic myeloid leukemia

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Section editor
Sanjay mohan.png
 Sanjay R. Mohan, MD, MSCI
Nashville, TN
31 regimens on this page
45 variants on this page


Guidelines

ELN

NCCN

Chronic phase, first-line therapy

Bosutinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Cortes et al. 2017 (BFORE) Phase III Imatinib Seems to have superior MMR rate at 12 months

This is the FDA-approved dose.

Chemotherapy

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Cortes et al. 2012 (BELA) Phase III Imatinib Superior MMR rate at 12 months

Chemotherapy

  • Bosutinib (Bosulif) 500 mg PO once per day, take with food
    • If no grade 3 or higher drug-related toxicity occurs, dose can be escalated to 600 mg PO once per day if response is suboptimal. Suboptimal response defined as no complete hematologic response (CHR) by week 8 or complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by week 12.

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, Dyagil I, Griskevicius L, Malhotra H, Powell C, Gogat K, Countouriotis AM, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: results from the BELA trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Oct 1;30(28):3486-92. Epub 2012 Sep 4. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Cortes JE, Lipton JH, Dmoszynska A, Wong RS, Rossiev V, Pavlov D, Gogat Marchant K, Duvillié L, Khattry N, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH. Safety of bosutinib versus imatinib in the phase 3 BELA trial in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2014 Oct;89(10):947-53. Epub 2014 Jul 21. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Brümmendorf TH, Cortes JE, de Souza CA, Guilhot F, Duvillié L, Pavlov D, Gogat K, Countouriotis AM, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia: results from the 24-month follow-up of the BELA trial. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jan;168(1):69-81. Epub 2014 Sep 8. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. Abstract: Jorge E. Cortes, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Michael W.N. Deininger, Michael J. Mauro, Charles Chuah, Dong-Wook Kim, Laurence Reilly, Allison Marianne Jeynes-Ellis, Eric Leip, Nathalie Bardy-Bouxin, Andreas Hochhaus, Tim H. Brümmendorf, and On Behalf of the BFORE Study Investigators. Bosutinib (BOS) versus imatinib (IM) for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Initial results from the BFORE trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017 35:15_suppl, 7002-7002 link to abstract
  3. Kwak JY, Kim SH, Oh SJ, Zang DY, Kim H, Kim JA, Do YR, Kim HJ, Park JS, Choi CW, Lee WS, Mun YC, Kong JH, Chung JS, Shin HJ, Kim DY, Park J, Jung CW, Bunworasate U, Comia NS, Jootar S, Reksodiputro AH, Caguioa PB, Lee SE, Kim DW. Phase III clinical trial (RERISE study) results of efficacy and safety of radotinib compared with imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Dec 1;23(23):7180-7188. Epub 2017 Sep 22. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Cytarabine & Interferon alfa

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
O'Brien et al. 2003 (IRIS) Phase III Imatinib Inferior FFP

Chemoimmunotherapy

  • Cytarabine (Cytosar) 20 mg/m2 (capped at 40 mg) SC once per day for 10 days per month
  • Interferon alfa (subtype not specified) target dose 5 million units/m2 SC once per day (method of dose escalation not specified)

Continued until patient "no longer derived benefit."

Many patients on this arm crossed over to imatinib; this experience is summarized in Guilhot et al. 2009.

References

  1. O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, Gathmann I, Baccarani M, Cervantes F, Cornelissen JJ, Fischer T, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Lechner K, Nielsen JL, Rousselot P, Reiffers J, Saglio G, Shepherd J, Simonsson B, Gratwohl A, Goldman JM, Kantarjian H, Taylor K, Verhoef G, Bolton AE, Capdeville R, Druker BJ; IRIS Investigators. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 13;348(11):994-1004. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, Gathmann I, Kantarjian H, Gattermann N, Deininger MW, Silver RT, Goldman JM, Stone RM, Cervantes F, Hochhaus A, Powell BL, Gabrilove JL, Rousselot P, Reiffers J, Cornelissen JJ, Hughes T, Agis H, Fischer T, Verhoef G, Shepherd J, Saglio G, Gratwohl A, Nielsen JL, Radich JP, Simonsson B, Taylor K, Baccarani M, So C, Letvak L, Larson RA; IRIS Investigators. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17. link to original article PubMed
    2. Subgroup analysis: Guilhot F, Druker B, Larson RA, Gathmann I, So C, Waltzman R, O'Brien SG. High rates of durable response are achieved with imatinib after treatment with interferon alpha plus cytarabine: results from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS) trial. Haematologica. 2009 Dec;94(12):1669-75. Epub 2009 Jul 31. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Hochhaus A, Larson RA, Guilhot F, Radich JP, Branford S, Hughes TP, Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Cervantes F, Fujihara S, Ortmann CE, Menssen HD, Kantarjian H, O'Brien SG, Druker BJ; IRIS Investigators. Long-Term Outcomes of Imatinib Treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 9;376(10):917-927. link to original article PubMed

Dasatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Cortes et al. 2009 Phase II
Kantarjian et al. 2010 (DASISION) Phase III Imatinib Superior MMR rate
Radich et al. 2012 Phase III Imatinib Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

  • Dasatinib (Sprycel) 100 mg PO once per day; dose may be escalated to 140 mg PO once per day or 70 mg PO BID depending on response

References

  1. Cortes JE, Jones D, O'Brien S, Jabbour E, Ravandi F, Koller C, Borthakur G, Walker B, Zhao W, Shan J, Kantarjian H. Results of dasatinib therapy in patients with early chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 20;28(3):398-404. Epub 2009 Dec 14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. Kantarjian H, Shah NP, Hochhaus A, Cortes J, Shah S, Ayala M, Moiraghi B, Shen Z, Mayer J, Pasquini R, Nakamae H, Huguet F, Boqué C, Chuah C, Bleickardt E, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Szatrowski T, Shapiro D, Baccarani M. Dasatinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2260-70. Epub 2010 Jun 5. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Kantarjian HM, Shah NP, Cortes JE, Baccarani M, Agarwal MB, Undurraga MS, Wang J, Kassack Ipiña JJ, Kim DW, Ogura M, Pavlovsky C, Junghanss C, Milone JH, Nicolini FE, Robak T, Van Droogenbroeck J, Vellenga E, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Hochhaus A. Dasatinib or imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: 2-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood. 2012 Feb 2;119(5):1123-9. Epub 2011 Dec 9. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Jabbour E, Kantarjian HM, Saglio G, Steegmann JL, Shah NP, Boqué C, Chuah C, Pavlovsky C, Mayer J, Cortes J, Baccarani M, Kim DW, Bradley-Garelik MB, Mohamed H, Wildgust M, Hochhaus A. Early response with dasatinib or imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: 3-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood. 2014 Jan 23;123(4):494-500. Epub 2013 Dec 5. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Subgroup analysis: Fujisawa S, Nakamae H, Ogura M, Ishizawa K, Taniwaki M, Utsunomiya A, Matsue K, Takamatsu Y, Usuki K, Tanimoto M, Ishida Y, Akiyama H, Onishi S. Efficacy and safety of dasatinib versus imatinib in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP): Subset analysis of the DASISION trial with 2-year follow-up. Int J Hematol. 2014 Feb;99(2):141-53. Epub 2013 Dec 20. link to original article PubMed
    4. Update: Cortes JE, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM, Baccarani M, Mayer J, Boqué C, Shah NP, Chuah C, Casanova L, Bradley-Garelik B, Manos G, Hochhaus A. Final 5-Year Study Results of DASISION: The Dasatinib Versus Imatinib Study in Treatment-Naïve Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jul 10;34(20):2333-40. Epub 2016 May 23. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  3. Radich JP, Kopecky KJ, Appelbaum FR, Kamel-Reid S, Stock W, Malnassy G, Paietta E, Wadleigh M, Larson RA, Emanuel P, Tallman M, Lipton J, Turner AR, Deininger M, Druker BJ. A randomized trial of dasatinib 100 mg versus imatinib 400 mg in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012 Nov 8;120(19):3898-905. Epub 2012 Aug 22. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Imatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
O'Brien et al. 2003 (IRIS) Phase III Cytarabine & Interferon alfa Superior FFP
Kantarjian et al. 2006 Retrospective
de Lavallade et al. 2008 Non-randomized
Baccarani et al. 2009 (GIMEMA CML/022) Phase III High-dose imatinib Seems not superior
Kantarjian et al. 2010 (DASISION) Phase III Dasatinib Inferior MMR rate
Saglio et al. 2010 (ENESTnd) Phase III Nilotinib 300 mg BID Seems to have inferior TTP
Nilotinib 400 mg BID Inferior TTP
Preudhomme et al. 2010 (SPIRIT) Phase III Imatinib 600 mg daily Not reported
Imatinib & Interferon Inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Imatinib & LoDAC Not reported
Hehlmann et al. 2011 (CML-Study IV) Phase III High-dose imatinib Inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Imatinib & Interferon Not reported
Cortes et al. 2012 (BELA) Phase III Bosutinib Inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Radich et al. 2012 Phase III Dasatinib Seems not superior
Deininger et al. 2013 (S0325) Randomized Phase II High-dose imatinib Seems to have inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Yeung et al. 2014 (TIDEL-II) See below
Wang et al. 2015 (ENESTchina) Phase III Nilotinib Inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Lipton et al. 2016 (EPIC) Phase III Ponatinib Might have inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Cortes et al. 2017 (BFORE) Phase III Bosutinib Seems to have inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Kwak et al. 2017 (RERISE) Phase III Radotinib 300 mg BID Inferior MMR rate at 12 months
Radotinib 400 mg BID Seems to have inferior MMR rate at 12 months

Note: EPIC was terminated early, "following concerns about vascular adverse events observed in patients given ponatinib in other trials."

Chemotherapy

  • Imatinib (Gleevec) 400 mg PO once per day
    • In some studies, dose may be escalated to 600 mg or 800 mg per day depending on response or decreased depending on toxicity

Continued until failure or unacceptable toxicity

Patients in TIDEL-II failing to meet molecular targets were either dose-increased to imatinib 800 mg per day and then switched to nilotinib 3 months later if they were still failing to meet targets, or switched to nilotinib directly. This was not a randomization.

References

  1. O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, Gathmann I, Baccarani M, Cervantes F, Cornelissen JJ, Fischer T, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Lechner K, Nielsen JL, Rousselot P, Reiffers J, Saglio G, Shepherd J, Simonsson B, Gratwohl A, Goldman JM, Kantarjian H, Taylor K, Verhoef G, Bolton AE, Capdeville R, Druker BJ; IRIS Investigators. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 13;348(11):994-1004. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, Gathmann I, Kantarjian H, Gattermann N, Deininger MW, Silver RT, Goldman JM, Stone RM, Cervantes F, Hochhaus A, Powell BL, Gabrilove JL, Rousselot P, Reiffers J, Cornelissen JJ, Hughes T, Agis H, Fischer T, Verhoef G, Shepherd J, Saglio G, Gratwohl A, Nielsen JL, Radich JP, Simonsson B, Taylor K, Baccarani M, So C, Letvak L, Larson RA; IRIS Investigators. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17. link to original article PubMed
    2. Update: Hochhaus A, Larson RA, Guilhot F, Radich JP, Branford S, Hughes TP, Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Cervantes F, Fujihara S, Ortmann CE, Menssen HD, Kantarjian H, O'Brien SG, Druker BJ; IRIS Investigators. Long-Term Outcomes of Imatinib Treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 9;376(10):917-927. link to original articlePubMed
  2. Retrospective: Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, Jones D, Giles F, Garcia-Manero G, Faderl S, Ravandi F, Rios MB, Shan J, Cortes J. Survival benefit with imatinib mesylate versus interferon-alpha-based regimens in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 2006 Sep 15;108(6):1835-40. Epub 2006 May 18. link to original article PubMed content property of HemOnc.org
  3. de Lavallade H, Apperley JF, Khorashad JS, Milojkovic D, Reid AG, Bua M, Szydlo R, Olavarria E, Kaeda J, Goldman JM, Marin D. Imatinib for newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: incidence of sustained responses in an intention-to-treat analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 10;26(20):3358-63. Epub 2008 Jun 2. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  4. Baccarani M, Rosti G, Castagnetti F, Haznedaroglu I, Porkka K, Abruzzese E, Alimena G, Ehrencrona H, Hjorth-Hansen H, Kairisto V, Levato L, Martinelli G, Nagler A, Lanng Nielsen J, Ozbek U, Palandri F, Palmieri F, Pane F, Rege-Cambrin G, Russo D, Specchia G, Testoni N, Weiss-Bjerrum O, Saglio G, Simonsson B. Comparison of imatinib 400 mg and 800 mg daily in the front-line treatment of high-risk, Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: a European LeukemiaNet Study. Blood. 2009 May 7;113(19):4497-504. Epub 2009 Mar 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Breccia M, Stagno F, Iurlo A, Albano F, Abruzzese E, Martino B, Levato L, Intermesoli T, Pregno P, Rossi G, Gherlinzoni F, Leoni P, Cavazzini F, Venturi C, Soverini S, Testoni N, Alimena G, Cavo M, Martinelli G, Pane F, Saglio G, Rosti G, Baccarani M; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Long-term outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated frontline with imatinib. Leukemia. 2015 Sep;29(9):1823-31. Epub 2015 Jun 19. link to original article PubMed
  5. Kantarjian H, Shah NP, Hochhaus A, Cortes J, Shah S, Ayala M, Moiraghi B, Shen Z, Mayer J, Pasquini R, Nakamae H, Huguet F, Boqué C, Chuah C, Bleickardt E, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Szatrowski T, Shapiro D, Baccarani M. Dasatinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2260-70. Epub 2010 Jun 5. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Kantarjian HM, Shah NP, Cortes JE, Baccarani M, Agarwal MB, Undurraga MS, Wang J, Kassack Ipiña JJ, Kim DW, Ogura M, Pavlovsky C, Junghanss C, Milone JH, Nicolini FE, Robak T, Van Droogenbroeck J, Vellenga E, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Hochhaus A. Dasatinib or imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: 2-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood. 2012 Feb 2;119(5):1123-9. Epub 2011 Dec 9. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Jabbour E, Kantarjian HM, Saglio G, Steegmann JL, Shah NP, Boqué C, Chuah C, Pavlovsky C, Mayer J, Cortes J, Baccarani M, Kim DW, Bradley-Garelik MB, Mohamed H, Wildgust M, Hochhaus A. Early response with dasatinib or imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: 3-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood. 2014 Jan 23;123(4):494-500. Epub 2013 Dec 5. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Subgroup analysis: Fujisawa S, Nakamae H, Ogura M, Ishizawa K, Taniwaki M, Utsunomiya A, Matsue K, Takamatsu Y, Usuki K, Tanimoto M, Ishida Y, Akiyama H, Onishi S. Efficacy and safety of dasatinib versus imatinib in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP): Subset analysis of the DASISION trial with 2-year follow-up. Int J Hematol. 2014 Feb;99(2):141-53. Epub 2013 Dec 20. link to original article PubMed
    4. Update: Cortes JE, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM, Baccarani M, Mayer J, Boqué C, Shah NP, Chuah C, Casanova L, Bradley-Garelik B, Manos G, Hochhaus A. Final 5-Year Study Results of DASISION: The Dasatinib Versus Imatinib Study in Treatment-Naïve Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jul 10;34(20):2333-40. Epub 2016 May 23. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  6. Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre P, Etienne G, Lobo C, Pasquini R, Clark RE, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, Gallagher N, Hoenekopp A, Dong M, Haque A, Larson RA, Kantarjian HM; ENESTnd Investigators. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2251-9. Epub 2010 Jun 5. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, Saglio G, De Souza C, Flinn IW, Stenke L, Goh YT, Rosti G, Nakamae H, Gallagher NJ, Hoenekopp A, Blakesley RE, Larson RA, Hughes TP. Nilotinib versus imatinib for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase, Philadelphia chromosome-positive, chronic myeloid leukaemia: 24-month minimum follow-up of the phase 3 randomised ENESTnd trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Sep;12(9):841-51. Epub 2011 Aug 17. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2011 Oct;12(11):989. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, Clark RE, Etienne G, Kim DW, Flinn IW, Kurokawa M, Moiraghi B, Yu R, Blakesley RE, Gallagher NJ, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2197-203. Epub 2012 May 18. link to original article PubMed
    3. Update: Hughes TP, Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Cervantes F, Guilhot F, Niederwieser D, le Coutre PD, Rosti G, Ossenkoppele G, Lobo C, Shibayama H, Fan X, Menssen HD, Kemp C, Larson RA, Saglio G. Safety and efficacy of switching to nilotinib 400 mg twice daily for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response or failure on front-line imatinib or nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. Haematologica. 2014 Jul;99(7):1204-11. Epub 2014 Feb 14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Hochhaus A, Saglio G, Hughes TP, Larson RA, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre PD, Etienne G, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Clark RE, Flinn IW, Nakamae H, Donohue B, Deng W, Dalal D, Menssen HD, Kantarjian HM. Long-term benefits and risks of frontline nilotinib vs imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: 5-year update of the randomized ENESTnd trial. Leukemia. 2016 May;30(5):1044-54. Epub 2016 Feb 3. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  7. Preudhomme C, Guilhot J, Nicolini FE, Guerci-Bresler A, Rigal-Huguet F, Maloisel F, Coiteux V, Gardembas M, Berthou C, Vekhoff A, Rea D, Jourdan E, Allard C, Delmer A, Rousselot P, Legros L, Berger M, Corm S, Etienne G, Roche-Lestienne C, Eclache V, Mahon FX, Guilhot F; SPIRIT Investigators; France Intergroupe des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chroniques (Fi-LMC). Imatinib plus peginterferon alfa-2a in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2511-21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  8. Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Jung-Munkwitz S, Leitner A, Müller MC, Pletsch N, Proetel U, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Balleisen L, Hänel M, Pfirrmann M, Krause SW, Nerl C, Pralle H, Gratwohl A, Hossfeld DK, Hasford J, Hochhaus A, Saussele S. Tolerability-adapted imatinib 800 mg/d versus 400 mg/d versus 400 mg/d plus interferon-a in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 20;29(12):1634-42. Epub 2011 Mar 21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Hehlmann R, Müller MC, Lauseker M, Hanfstein B, Fabarius A, Schreiber A, Proetel U, Pletsch N, Pfirrmann M, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Einsele H, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Neubauer A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Waller CF, Spiekermann K, Baerlocher GM, Ehninger G, Heim D, Heimpel H, Nerl C, Krause SW, Hossfeld DK, Kolb HJ, Hasford J, Saußele S, Hochhaus A. Deep Molecular Response Is Reached by the Majority of Patients Treated With Imatinib, Predicts Survival, and Is Achieved More Quickly by Optimized High-Dose Imatinib: Results From the Randomized CML-Study IV. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 10;32(5):415-23. Epub 2013 Dec 2. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Kalmanti L, Saussele S, Lauseker M, Müller MC, Dietz CT, Heinrich L, Hanfstein B, Proetel U, Fabarius A, Krause SW, Rinaldetti S, Dengler J, Falge C, Oppliger-Leibundgut E, Burchert A, Neubauer A, Kanz L, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Scheid C, Pfirrmann M, Hochhaus A, Hasford J, Hehlmann R. Safety and efficacy of imatinib in CML over a period of 10 years: data from the randomized CML-study IV. Leukemia. 2015 May;29(5):1123-32. Epub 2015 Feb 13. link to original article PubMed
    3. Update: Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Saußele S, Pfirrmann M, Krause S, Kolb HJ, Neubauer A, Hossfeld DK, Nerl C, Gratwohl A, Baerlocher GM, Heim D, Brümmendorf TH, Fabarius A, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Müller MC, Jeromin S, Proetel U, Kohlbrenner K, Voskanyan A, Rinaldetti S, Seifarth W, Spieß B, Balleisen L, Goebeler MC, Hänel M, Ho A, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Kremers S, Burchert A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Köhne CA, Lindemann HW, Waller CF, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Berdel WE, Müller L, Edinger M, Mayer J, Beelen DW, Bentz M, Link H, Hertenstein B, Fuchs R, Wernli M, Schlegel F, Schlag R, de Wit M, Trümper L, Hebart H, Hahn M, Thomalla J, Scheid C, Schafhausen P, Verbeek W, Eckart MJ, Gassmann W, Pezzutto A, Schenk M, Brossart P, Geer T, Bildat S, Schäfer E, Hochhaus A, Hasford J. Assessment of imatinib as first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: 10-year survival results of the randomized CML study IV and impact of non-CML determinants. Leukemia. 2017 Nov;31(11):2398-2406. Epub 2017 Aug 14. link to original article PubMed
  9. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, Dyagil I, Griskevicius L, Malhotra H, Powell C, Gogat K, Countouriotis AM, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: results from the BELA trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Oct 1;30(28):3486-92. Epub 2012 Sep 4. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Cortes JE, Lipton JH, Dmoszynska A, Wong RS, Rossiev V, Pavlov D, Gogat Marchant K, Duvillié L, Khattry N, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH. Safety of bosutinib versus imatinib in the phase 3 BELA trial in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2014 Oct;89(10):947-53. Epub 2014 Jul 21. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Brümmendorf TH, Cortes JE, de Souza CA, Guilhot F, Duvillié L, Pavlov D, Gogat K, Countouriotis AM, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia: results from the 24-month follow-up of the BELA trial. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jan;168(1):69-81. Epub 2014 Sep 8. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  10. Radich JP, Kopecky KJ, Appelbaum FR, Kamel-Reid S, Stock W, Malnassy G, Paietta E, Wadleigh M, Larson RA, Emanuel P, Tallman M, Lipton J, Turner AR, Deininger M, Druker BJ. A randomized trial of dasatinib 100 mg versus imatinib 400 mg in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012 Nov 8;120(19):3898-905. Epub 2012 Aug 22. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  11. Deininger MW, Kopecky KJ, Radich JP, Kamel-Reid S, Stock W, Paietta E, Emanuel PD, Tallman M, Wadleigh M, Larson RA, Lipton JH, Slovak ML, Appelbaum FR, Druker BJ. Imatinib 800 mg daily induces deeper molecular responses than imatinib 400 mg daily: results of SWOG S0325, an intergroup randomized PHASE II trial in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2014 Jan;164(2):223-32. Epub 2013 Nov 4. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  12. Yeung DT, Osborn MP, White DL, Branford S, Braley J, Herschtal A, Kornhauser M, Issa S, Hiwase DK, Hertzberg M, Schwarer AP, Filshie R, Arthur CK, Kwan YL, Trotman J, Forsyth CJ, Taper J, Ross DM, Beresford J, Tam C, Mills AK, Grigg AP, Hughes TP; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group. TIDEL-II: first-line use of imatinib in CML with early switch to nilotinib for failure to achieve time-dependent molecular targets. Blood. 2015 Feb 5;125(6):915-23. Epub 2014 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  13. Wang J, Shen ZX, Saglio G, Jin J, Huang H, Hu Y, Du X, Li J, Meng F, Zhu H, Hu J, Wang J, Hou M, Hertle S, Menssen HD, Ortmann CE, Tribouley C, Yuan Y, Baccarani M, Huang X. Phase 3 study of nilotinib vs imatinib in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTchina. Blood. 2015 Apr 30;125(18):2771-8. Epub 2015 Mar 12. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  14. Lipton JH, Chuah C, Guerci-Bresler A, Rosti G, Simpson D, Assouline S, Etienne G, Nicolini FE, le Coutre P, Clark RE, Stenke L, Andorsky D, Oehler V, Lustgarten S, Rivera VM, Clackson T, Haluska FG, Baccarani M, Cortes JE, Guilhot F, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Kantarjian HM, Shah NP, Talpaz M, Deininger MW; EPIC investigators. Ponatinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia: an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 May;17(5):612-21. Epub 2016 Apr 12. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  15. Abstract: Jorge E. Cortes, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Michael W.N. Deininger, Michael J. Mauro, Charles Chuah, Dong-Wook Kim, Laurence Reilly, Allison Marianne Jeynes-Ellis, Eric Leip, Nathalie Bardy-Bouxin, Andreas Hochhaus, Tim H. Brümmendorf, and On Behalf of the BFORE Study Investigators. Bosutinib (BOS) versus imatinib (IM) for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Initial results from the BFORE trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017 35:15_suppl, 7002-7002 link to abstract

Imatinib monotherapy, high dose

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Castagnetti et al. 2009 (GIMEMA CML/021) Phase II
Baccarani et al. 2009 (GIMEMA CML/022) Phase III Standard-dose imatinib Seems not superior
Hehlmann et al. 2011 (CML-Study IV) Phase III Standard-dose imatinib Superior MMR rate at 12 months
Imatinib & Interferon Superior MMR rate at 12 months
Deininger et al. 2013 (S0325) Randomized Phase II Standard-dose imatinib Seems to have superior MMR rate at 12 months

Note: GIMEMA CML/021 used a lead-in dose of 400 mg PO once per day for 2 weeks, followed by escalation to 400 mg PO BID.

Chemotherapy

  • Imatinib (Gleevec) 800 mg PO once per day (CML-Study IV) or 400 mg PO BID (S0325, GIMEMA studies)

Continued until failure or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Castagnetti F, Palandri F, Amabile M, Testoni N, Luatti S, Soverini S, Iacobucci I, Breccia M, Rege Cambrin G, Stagno F, Specchia G, Galieni P, Iuliano F, Pane F, Saglio G, Alimena G, Martinelli G, Baccarani M, Rosti G; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Results of high-dose imatinib mesylate in intermediate Sokal risk chronic myeloid leukemia patients in early chronic phase: a phase 2 trial of the GIMEMA CML Working Party. Blood. 2009 Apr 9;113(15):3428-34. Epub 2009 Feb 11. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Breccia M, Stagno F, Iurlo A, Albano F, Abruzzese E, Martino B, Levato L, Intermesoli T, Pregno P, Rossi G, Gherlinzoni F, Leoni P, Cavazzini F, Venturi C, Soverini S, Testoni N, Alimena G, Cavo M, Martinelli G, Pane F, Saglio G, Rosti G, Baccarani M; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Long-term outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated frontline with imatinib. Leukemia. 2015 Sep;29(9):1823-31. Epub 2015 Jun 19. link to original article PubMed
  2. Baccarani M, Rosti G, Castagnetti F, Haznedaroglu I, Porkka K, Abruzzese E, Alimena G, Ehrencrona H, Hjorth-Hansen H, Kairisto V, Levato L, Martinelli G, Nagler A, Lanng Nielsen J, Ozbek U, Palandri F, Palmieri F, Pane F, Rege-Cambrin G, Russo D, Specchia G, Testoni N, Weiss-Bjerrum O, Saglio G, Simonsson B. Comparison of imatinib 400 mg and 800 mg daily in the front-line treatment of high-risk, Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: a European LeukemiaNet Study. Blood. 2009 May 7;113(19):4497-504. Epub 2009 Mar 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Breccia M, Stagno F, Iurlo A, Albano F, Abruzzese E, Martino B, Levato L, Intermesoli T, Pregno P, Rossi G, Gherlinzoni F, Leoni P, Cavazzini F, Venturi C, Soverini S, Testoni N, Alimena G, Cavo M, Martinelli G, Pane F, Saglio G, Rosti G, Baccarani M; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Long-term outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated frontline with imatinib. Leukemia. 2015 Sep;29(9):1823-31. Epub 2015 Jun 19. link to original article PubMed
  3. Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Jung-Munkwitz S, Leitner A, Müller MC, Pletsch N, Proetel U, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Balleisen L, Hänel M, Pfirrmann M, Krause SW, Nerl C, Pralle H, Gratwohl A, Hossfeld DK, Hasford J, Hochhaus A, Saussele S. Tolerability-adapted imatinib 800 mg/d versus 400 mg/d versus 400 mg/d plus interferon-a in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 20;29(12):1634-42. Epub 2011 Mar 21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Hehlmann R, Müller MC, Lauseker M, Hanfstein B, Fabarius A, Schreiber A, Proetel U, Pletsch N, Pfirrmann M, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Einsele H, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Neubauer A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Waller CF, Spiekermann K, Baerlocher GM, Ehninger G, Heim D, Heimpel H, Nerl C, Krause SW, Hossfeld DK, Kolb HJ, Hasford J, Saußele S, Hochhaus A. Deep Molecular Response Is Reached by the Majority of Patients Treated With Imatinib, Predicts Survival, and Is Achieved More Quickly by Optimized High-Dose Imatinib: Results From the Randomized CML-Study IV. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 10;32(5):415-23. Epub 2013 Dec 2. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Kalmanti L, Saussele S, Lauseker M, Müller MC, Dietz CT, Heinrich L, Hanfstein B, Proetel U, Fabarius A, Krause SW, Rinaldetti S, Dengler J, Falge C, Oppliger-Leibundgut E, Burchert A, Neubauer A, Kanz L, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Scheid C, Pfirrmann M, Hochhaus A, Hasford J, Hehlmann R. Safety and efficacy of imatinib in CML over a period of 10 years: data from the randomized CML-study IV. Leukemia. 2015 May;29(5):1123-32. Epub 2015 Feb 13. link to original article PubMed
    3. Update: Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Saußele S, Pfirrmann M, Krause S, Kolb HJ, Neubauer A, Hossfeld DK, Nerl C, Gratwohl A, Baerlocher GM, Heim D, Brümmendorf TH, Fabarius A, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Müller MC, Jeromin S, Proetel U, Kohlbrenner K, Voskanyan A, Rinaldetti S, Seifarth W, Spieß B, Balleisen L, Goebeler MC, Hänel M, Ho A, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Kremers S, Burchert A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Köhne CA, Lindemann HW, Waller CF, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Berdel WE, Müller L, Edinger M, Mayer J, Beelen DW, Bentz M, Link H, Hertenstein B, Fuchs R, Wernli M, Schlegel F, Schlag R, de Wit M, Trümper L, Hebart H, Hahn M, Thomalla J, Scheid C, Schafhausen P, Verbeek W, Eckart MJ, Gassmann W, Pezzutto A, Schenk M, Brossart P, Geer T, Bildat S, Schäfer E, Hochhaus A, Hasford J. Assessment of imatinib as first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: 10-year survival results of the randomized CML study IV and impact of non-CML determinants. Leukemia. 2017 Nov;31(11):2398-2406. Epub 2017 Aug 14. link to original article PubMed
  4. Deininger MW, Kopecky KJ, Radich JP, Kamel-Reid S, Stock W, Paietta E, Emanuel PD, Tallman M, Wadleigh M, Larson RA, Lipton JH, Slovak ML, Appelbaum FR, Druker BJ. Imatinib 800 mg daily induces deeper molecular responses than imatinib 400 mg daily: results of SWOG S0325, an intergroup randomized PHASE II trial in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2014 Jan;164(2):223-32. Epub 2013 Nov 4. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed

Imatinib monotherapy, intermittent therapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Russo et al. 2013 Phase II

Eligible patients had been taking imatinib for at least two years and were in a complete cytogenetic response

Chemotherapy

  • Imatinib (Gleevec) any "standard dose" PO once per day as follows:
    • Weeks 1 to 4: 1 week on, 1 week off
    • Weeks 5 to 12: 2 weeks on, 2 weeks off
    • Week 13 onwards: 1 month on, 1 month off

Treatment continues indefinitely or until loss of complete cytogenetic response is observed. Patients who lost major molecular response could go back to once per day therapy after the first year.

References

  1. Russo D, Martinelli G, Malagola M, Skert C, Soverini S, Iacobucci I, De Vivo A, Testoni N, Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Turri D, Bergamaschi M, Pregno P, Pungolino E, Stagno F, Breccia M, Martino B, Intermesoli T, Fava C, Abruzzese E, Tiribelli M, Bigazzi C, Cesana BM, Rosti G, Baccarani M. Effects and outcome of a policy of intermittent imatinib treatment in elderly patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013 Jun 27;121(26):5138-44. Epub 2013 May 15. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Imatinib monotherapy, planned discontinuation

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Regimen #1, ; Mahon et al. 2013 (STIM2)

Study Evidence
Mahon et al. 2010 (STIM1) Phase II
Mahon et al. 2013 (STIM2) Phase II

Chemotherapy

Treatment is discontinued if "sustained DMR defined as remission lasting more than 2 consecutive years and confirmed on five datapoints of BCR–ABL analyses by quantitative RT-PCR during these 2 years" occurs.

Regimen #2

Study Evidence
Ross et al. 2013 (TWISTER) Phase II

Chemotherapy

Treatment is discontinued after a minimum of 3 years of imatinib and 2 years of sustained undetectable minimal residual disease by conventional PCR.

References

  1. Mahon FX, Réa D, Guilhot J, Guilhot F, Huguet F, Nicolini F, Legros L, Charbonnier A, Guerci A, Varet B, Etienne G, Reiffers J, Rousselot P; Intergroupe Français des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chroniques. Discontinuation of imatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia who have maintained complete molecular remission for at least 2 years: the prospective, multicentre Stop Imatinib (STIM) trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1029-35. Epub 2010 Oct 19. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Etienne G, Guilhot J, Rea D, Rigal-Huguet F, Nicolini F, Charbonnier A, Guerci-Bresler A, Legros L, Varet B, Gardembas M, Dubruille V, Tulliez M, Noel MP, Ianotto JC, Villemagne B, Carré M, Guilhot F, Rousselot P, Mahon FX. Long-Term Follow-Up of the French Stop Imatinib (STIM1) Study in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan 20;35(3):298-305. link to original article PubMed
  2. Ross DM, Branford S, Seymour JF, Schwarer AP, Arthur C, Yeung DT, Dang P, Goyne JM, Slader C, Filshie RJ, Mills AK, Melo JV, White DL, Grigg AP, Hughes TP. Safety and efficacy of imatinib cessation for CML patients with stable undetectable minimal residual disease: results from the TWISTER study. Blood. 2013 Jul 25;122(4):515-22. Epub 2013 May 23. link to original article PubMed
  3. Abstract: Francois-Xavier Mahon, MD, PhD, Franck E. Nicolini, Marie-Pierre Noël, Martine Escoffre, Aude Charbonnier, Delphine Rea, Viviane Dubruille, Bruno R. Varet, Laurence Legros, Agnès Guerci, Gabriel Etienne, Francois Guilhot, Stéphanie Dulucq, Philippe Rousselot, Joelle Guilhot. Preliminary Report Of The STIM2 Study: A Multicenter Stop Imatinib Trial For Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia De Novo Patients On Imatinib. Blood Nov 2013,122(21)654 link to original abstract

Imatinib & LoDAC

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LoDAC: Low Dose Ara-C

Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Preudhomme et al. 2010 (SPIRIT) Phase III Imatinib 400 mg daily Not reported
Imatinib 600 mg daily Not reported
Imatinib & Interferon Not reported

Chemotherapy

28-day cycles for at least 12 months or until progression

References

  1. Preudhomme C, Guilhot J, Nicolini FE, Guerci-Bresler A, Rigal-Huguet F, Maloisel F, Coiteux V, Gardembas M, Berthou C, Vekhoff A, Rea D, Jourdan E, Allard C, Delmer A, Rousselot P, Legros L, Berger M, Corm S, Etienne G, Roche-Lestienne C, Eclache V, Mahon FX, Guilhot F; SPIRIT Investigators; France Intergroupe des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chroniques (Fi-LMC). Imatinib plus peginterferon alfa-2a in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2511-21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Imatinib & Interferon Alfa-2a

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Preudhomme et al. 2010 (SPIRIT) Phase III Imatinib 400 mg daily Superior MMR rate at 12 months
Imatinib 600 mg daily Not reported
Imatinib & LoDAC Not reported

Preudhomme et al. amended their protocol to reduce the dose of peginterferon; Johnson-Ansah et al. demonstrated (post-hoc) that the reduced dose was still efficacious.

Chemoimmunotherapy

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Hehlmann et al. 2011 (CML-Study IV) Phase III Imatinib Not reported
Imatinib, high dose Inferior MMR rate at 12 months

Chemoimmunotherapy

Until progression or intolerance

References

  1. Preudhomme C, Guilhot J, Nicolini FE, Guerci-Bresler A, Rigal-Huguet F, Maloisel F, Coiteux V, Gardembas M, Berthou C, Vekhoff A, Rea D, Jourdan E, Allard C, Delmer A, Rousselot P, Legros L, Berger M, Corm S, Etienne G, Roche-Lestienne C, Eclache V, Mahon FX, Guilhot F; SPIRIT Investigators; France Intergroupe des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chroniques (Fi-LMC). Imatinib plus peginterferon alfa-2a in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2511-21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Jung-Munkwitz S, Leitner A, Müller MC, Pletsch N, Proetel U, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Balleisen L, Hänel M, Pfirrmann M, Krause SW, Nerl C, Pralle H, Gratwohl A, Hossfeld DK, Hasford J, Hochhaus A, Saussele S. Tolerability-adapted imatinib 800 mg/d versus 400 mg/d versus 400 mg/d plus interferon-a in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 20;29(12):1634-42. Epub 2011 Mar 21. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Hehlmann R, Müller MC, Lauseker M, Hanfstein B, Fabarius A, Schreiber A, Proetel U, Pletsch N, Pfirrmann M, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Einsele H, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Neubauer A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Waller CF, Spiekermann K, Baerlocher GM, Ehninger G, Heim D, Heimpel H, Nerl C, Krause SW, Hossfeld DK, Kolb HJ, Hasford J, Saußele S, Hochhaus A. Deep Molecular Response Is Reached by the Majority of Patients Treated With Imatinib, Predicts Survival, and Is Achieved More Quickly by Optimized High-Dose Imatinib: Results From the Randomized CML-Study IV. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 10;32(5):415-23. Epub 2013 Dec 2. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Kalmanti L, Saussele S, Lauseker M, Müller MC, Dietz CT, Heinrich L, Hanfstein B, Proetel U, Fabarius A, Krause SW, Rinaldetti S, Dengler J, Falge C, Oppliger-Leibundgut E, Burchert A, Neubauer A, Kanz L, Stegelmann F, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Scheid C, Pfirrmann M, Hochhaus A, Hasford J, Hehlmann R. Safety and efficacy of imatinib in CML over a period of 10 years: data from the randomized CML-study IV. Leukemia. 2015 May;29(5):1123-32. Epub 2015 Feb 13. link to original article PubMed
    3. Update: Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Saußele S, Pfirrmann M, Krause S, Kolb HJ, Neubauer A, Hossfeld DK, Nerl C, Gratwohl A, Baerlocher GM, Heim D, Brümmendorf TH, Fabarius A, Haferlach C, Schlegelberger B, Müller MC, Jeromin S, Proetel U, Kohlbrenner K, Voskanyan A, Rinaldetti S, Seifarth W, Spieß B, Balleisen L, Goebeler MC, Hänel M, Ho A, Dengler J, Falge C, Kanz L, Kremers S, Burchert A, Kneba M, Stegelmann F, Köhne CA, Lindemann HW, Waller CF, Pfreundschuh M, Spiekermann K, Berdel WE, Müller L, Edinger M, Mayer J, Beelen DW, Bentz M, Link H, Hertenstein B, Fuchs R, Wernli M, Schlegel F, Schlag R, de Wit M, Trümper L, Hebart H, Hahn M, Thomalla J, Scheid C, Schafhausen P, Verbeek W, Eckart MJ, Gassmann W, Pezzutto A, Schenk M, Brossart P, Geer T, Bildat S, Schäfer E, Hochhaus A, Hasford J. Assessment of imatinib as first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: 10-year survival results of the randomized CML study IV and impact of non-CML determinants. Leukemia. 2017 Nov;31(11):2398-2406. Epub 2017 Aug 14. link to original article PubMed
  3. Johnson-Ansah H, Guilhot J, Rousselot P, Rea D, Legros L, Rigal-Huguet F, Nicolini FE, Mahon FX, Preudhomme C, Guilhot F. Tolerability and efficacy of pegylated interferon-a-2a in combination with imatinib for patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2013 Dec 15;119(24):4284-9. Epub 2013 Sep 16. link to original article PubMed

Nilotinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Saglio et al. 2010 (ENESTnd) Phase III Imatinib Seems to have superior TTP
Nilotinib 400 mg BID Not reported
Wang et al. 2015 (ENESTchina) Phase III Imatinib Superior MMR rate at 12 months

The ENESTnd study was not powered to detect differences between the two doses of nilotinib.

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Rosti et al. 2009 Phase II
Saglio et al. 2010 (ENESTnd) Phase III Imatinib Superior TTP
Nilotinib 300 mg BID Not reported

The ENESTnd study was not powered to detect differences between the two doses of nilotinib.

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

References

  1. Rosti G, Palandri F, Castagnetti F, Breccia M, Levato L, Gugliotta G, Capucci A, Cedrone M, Fava C, Intermesoli T, Cambrin GR, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Amabile M, Luatti S, Poerio A, Soverini S, Testoni N, Martinelli G, Alimena G, Pane F, Saglio G, Baccarani M; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Nilotinib for the frontline treatment of Ph(+) chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2009 Dec 3;114(24):4933-8. Epub 2009 Oct 12. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Gugliotta G, Castagnetti F, Breccia M, Levato L, D'Adda M, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Salvucci M, Fava C, Martino B, Cedrone M, Bocchia M, Trabacchi E, Cavazzini F, Usala E, Rossi AR, Bochicchio MT, Soverini S, Alimena G, Cavo M, Pane F, Martinelli G, Saglio G, Baccarani M, Rosti G; GIMEMA CML Working Party. Long-term outcome of a phase 2 trial with nilotinib 400 mg twice daily in first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2015 Sep;100(9):1146-50. Epub 2015 Jun 25. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre P, Etienne G, Lobo C, Pasquini R, Clark RE, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, Gallagher N, Hoenekopp A, Dong M, Haque A, Larson RA, Kantarjian HM; ENESTnd Investigators. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2251-9. Epub 2010 Jun 5. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, Saglio G, De Souza C, Flinn IW, Stenke L, Goh YT, Rosti G, Nakamae H, Gallagher NJ, Hoenekopp A, Blakesley RE, Larson RA, Hughes TP. Nilotinib versus imatinib for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase, Philadelphia chromosome-positive, chronic myeloid leukaemia: 24-month minimum follow-up of the phase 3 randomised ENESTnd trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Sep;12(9):841-51. Epub 2011 Aug 17. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2011 Oct;12(11):989. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, Clark RE, Etienne G, Kim DW, Flinn IW, Kurokawa M, Moiraghi B, Yu R, Blakesley RE, Gallagher NJ, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2197-203. Epub 2012 May 18. link to original article PubMed
    3. Update: Hughes TP, Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Cervantes F, Guilhot F, Niederwieser D, le Coutre PD, Rosti G, Ossenkoppele G, Lobo C, Shibayama H, Fan X, Menssen HD, Kemp C, Larson RA, Saglio G. Safety and efficacy of switching to nilotinib 400 mg twice daily for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response or failure on front-line imatinib or nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. Haematologica. 2014 Jul;99(7):1204-11. Epub 2014 Feb 14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Hochhaus A, Saglio G, Hughes TP, Larson RA, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre PD, Etienne G, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Clark RE, Flinn IW, Nakamae H, Donohue B, Deng W, Dalal D, Menssen HD, Kantarjian HM. Long-term benefits and risks of frontline nilotinib vs imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: 5-year update of the randomized ENESTnd trial. Leukemia. 2016 May;30(5):1044-54. Epub 2016 Feb 3. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  3. Wang J, Shen ZX, Saglio G, Jin J, Huang H, Hu Y, Du X, Li J, Meng F, Zhu H, Hu J, Wang J, Hou M, Hertle S, Menssen HD, Ortmann CE, Tribouley C, Yuan Y, Baccarani M, Huang X. Phase 3 study of nilotinib vs imatinib in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTchina. Blood. 2015 Apr 30;125(18):2771-8. Epub 2015 Mar 12. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed

Radotinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1, 300 mg BID

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kwak et al. 2017 (RERISE) Phase III Imatinib Superior MMR rate at 12 months
Radotinib 400 mg BID Not reported

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Regimen #2, 400 mg BID

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kim et al. 2014 Phase II
Kwak et al. 2017 (RERISE) Phase III Imatinib Seems to have superior MMR rate at 12 months
Radotinib 300 mg BID Not reported

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

References

  1. Kim SH, Menon H, Jootar S, Saikia T, Kwak JY, Sohn SK, Park JS, Jeong SH, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Oh SJ, Kim H, Zang DY, Chung JS, Shin HJ, Do YR, Kim JA, Kim DY, Choi CW, Park S, Park HL, Lee GY, Cho DJ, Shin JS, Kim DW. Efficacy and safety of radotinib in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Haematologica. 2014 Jul;99(7):1191-6. Epub 2014 Apr 4. link to original article link to PMC article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Kwak JY, Kim SH, Oh SJ, Zang DY, Kim H, Kim JA, Do YR, Kim HJ, Park JS, Choi CW, Lee WS, Mun YC, Kong JH, Chung JS, Shin HJ, Kim DY, Park J, Jung CW, Bunworasate U, Comia NS, Jootar S, Reksodiputro AH, Caguioa PB, Lee SE, Kim DW. Phase III clinical trial (RERISE study) results of efficacy and safety of radotinib compared with imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Dec 1;23(23):7180-7188. Epub 2017 Sep 22. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Chronic phase, relapsed or refractory

Bosutinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2011 Phase I/II

Note: the dosing described is that reported for the phase 2 portion of the phase 1/2 study.

Chemotherapy

  • Bosutinib (Bosulif) 500 mg PO once per day, take with food
    • If no grade 3 or higher drug-related toxicity occurs, dose can be escalated to 600 mg PO once per day if response is suboptimal. Suboptimal response defined as no complete hematologic response (CHR) by week 8 or complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by week 12.

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, Kim DW, Turkina AG, Shen ZX, Pasquini R, Khoury HJ, Arkin S, Volkert A, Besson N, Abbas R, Wang J, Leip E, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Safety and efficacy of bosutinib (SKI-606) in chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4567-76. Epub 2011 Aug 24. Erratum in: Blood. 2013 Oct 3;122(14):2524. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Khoury HJ, Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Baccarani M, Kim DW, Zaritskey A, Countouriotis A, Besson N, Leip E, Kelly V, Brümmendorf TH. Bosutinib is active in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib and dasatinib and/or nilotinib therapy failure. Blood. 2012 Apr 12;119(15):3403-12. Epub 2012 Feb 27. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE, Kim DW, Khoury HJ, Brümmendorf TH, Porkka K, Martinelli G, Durrant S, Leip E, Kelly V, Turnbull K, Besson N, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib safety and management of toxicity in leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood. 2014 Feb 27;123(9):1309-18. Epub 2013 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Brümmendorf TH, Kim DW, Turkina AG, Masszi T, Assouline S, Durrant S, Kantarjian HM, Khoury HJ, Zaritskey A, Shen ZX, Jin J, Vellenga E, Pasquini R, Mathews V, Cervantes F, Besson N, Turnbull K, Leip E, Kelly V, Cortes JE. Bosutinib efficacy and safety in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib resistance or intolerance: Minimum 24-month follow-up. Am J Hematol. 2014 Jul;89(7):732-42. Epub 2014 Apr 28. link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, Khoury HJ, Turkina AG, Brümmendorf TH, Matczak E, Bardy-Bouxin N, Shapiro M, Turnbull K, Leip E, Cortes JE. Long-term efficacy and safety of bosutinib in patients with advanced leukemia following resistance/intolerance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2015 Sep;90(9):755-68. Epub 2015 Jun 1. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Dasatinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Shah et al. 2008 (CA180-034) Phase III Dasatinib 140 mg daily Seems not superior
Dasatinib 50 mg BID Seems not superior
Dasatinib 70 mg BID Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

  • Dasatinib (Sprycel) 100 mg PO once per day
    • Dose may be escalated to 140 mg PO once per day or 70 mg PO BID depending on response, see paper.

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Hochhaus et al. 2006 Phase II
Kantarjian et al. 2007 Randomized Phase II High-dose imatinib Superior PFS
Shah et al. 2008 (CA180-034) Phase III Dasatinib 100 mg daily Seems not superior
Dasatinib 140 mg daily Seems not superior
Dasatinib 50 mg BID Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

  • Dasatinib (Sprycel) 70 mg PO BID
    • Reduction to 40 mg PO BID or escalation to 90 mg PO BID allowed under certain circumstances; see original papers for details.

References

  1. Phase 1: Talpaz M, Shah NP, Kantarjian H, Donato N, Nicoll J, Paquette R, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Nicaise C, Bleickardt E, Blackwood-Chirchir MA, Iyer V, Chen TT, Huang F, Decillis AP, Sawyers CL. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2531-41. link to original article PubMed
  2. Quintas-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, Jones D, Nicaise C, O'Brien S, Giles F, Talpaz M, Cortes J. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is active in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia after imatinib and nilotinib (AMN107) therapy failure. Blood. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):497-9. Epub 2006 Sep 21. link to original article PubMed
  3. Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Baccarani M, Lipton JH, Apperley JF, Druker BJ, Facon T, Goldberg SL, Cervantes F, Niederwieser D, Silver RT, Stone RM, Hughes TP, Muller MC, Ezzeddine R, Countouriotis AM, Shah NP. Dasatinib induces notable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of imatinib therapy. Blood. 2007 Mar 15;109(6):2303-9. Epub 2006 Nov 30. Erratum in: Blood. 2007 Sep 1;110(5):1438. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Hochhaus A, Baccarani M, Deininger M, Apperley JF, Lipton JH, Goldberg SL, Corm S, Shah NP, Cervantes F, Silver RT, Niederwieser D, Stone RM, Dombret H, Larson RA, Roy L, Hughes T, Müller MC, Ezzeddine R, Countouriotis AM, Kantarjian HM. Dasatinib induces durable cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Leukemia. 2008 Jun;22(6):1200-6. Epub 2008 Apr 10. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. Kantarjian H, Pasquini R, Hamerschlak N, Rousselot P, Holowiecki J, Jootar S, Robak T, Khoroshko N, Masszi T, Skotnicki A, Hellmann A, Zaritsky A, Golenkov A, Radich J, Hughes T, Countouriotis A, Shah N. Dasatinib or high-dose imatinib for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of first-line imatinib: a randomized phase 2 trial. Blood. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):5143-50. Epub 2007 Feb 22. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  5. Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, Réa D, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Milone JH, Vela-Ojeda J, Silver RT, Khoury HJ, Charbonnier A, Khoroshko N, Paquette RL, Deininger M, Collins RH, Otero I, Hughes T, Bleickardt E, Strauss L, Francis S, Hochhaus A. Intermittent target inhibition with dasatinib 100 mg once daily preserves efficacy and improves tolerability in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3204-12. Epub 2008 Jun 9. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Shah NP, Kim DW, Kantarjian H, Rousselot P, Llacer PE, Enrico A, Vela-Ojeda J, Silver RT, Khoury HJ, Müller MC, Lambert A, Matloub Y, Hochhaus A. Potent, transient inhibition of BCR-ABL with dasatinib 100 mg daily achieves rapid and durable cytogenetic responses and high transformation-free survival rates in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance, suboptimal response or intolerance to imatinib. Haematologica. 2010 Feb;95(2):232-40. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Shah NP, Guilhot F, Cortes JE, Schiffer CA, le Coutre P, Brümmendorf TH, Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, Rousselot P, Mohamed H, Healey D, Cunningham M, Saglio G. Long-term outcome with dasatinib after imatinib failure in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: follow-up of a phase 3 study. Blood. 2014 Apr 10;123(15):2317-24. Epub 2014 Feb 25. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Shah NP, Rousselot P, Schiffer C, Rea D, Cortes JE, Milone J, Mohamed H, Healey D, Kantarjian H, Hochhaus A, Saglio G. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic-phase, chronic myeloid leukemia patients: 7-year follow-up of study CA180-034. Am J Hematol. 2016 Sep;91(9):869-74. Epub 2016 Jun 20. link to PMC article PubMed

Imatinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1, 600 mg/day

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Cortes et al. 2016 (LASOR) Phase III Nilotinib Seems not superior

Patients in LASOR had a suboptimal response to standard-dose imatinib.

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Regimen #2, 800 mg/day

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kantarjian et al. 2007 Randomized Phase II Dasatinib Inferior PFS
Yeung et al. 2014 (TIDEL-II) Non-randomized

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Patients in TIDEL-II were switched to nilotinib 3 months later if they were still failing to meet targets (see paper for details).

Regimen #3, high-dose, then standard-dose

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Petzer et al. 2010 (ISTAHIT) Phase III Standard-dose imatinib Superior MMR rate at 6 months

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Regimen #4, standard-dose

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kantarjian et al. 2002 (International STI571 CML Study Group) Phase II
Petzer et al. 2010 (ISTAHIT) Phase III High-dose, then standard-dose imatinib Inferior MMR rate at 6 months

Chemotherapy

Continued until progression or intolerance

Dose may be escalated to 600 mg or 800 mg per day depending on response or decreased depending on toxicity.

References

  1. Phase I: Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, Peng B, Buchdunger E, Ford JM, Lydon NB, Kantarjian H, Capdeville R, Ohno-Jones S, Sawyers CL. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 5;344(14):1031-7. link to original article PubMed
  2. Kantarjian H, Sawyers C, Hochhaus A, Guilhot F, Schiffer C, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Niederwieser D, Resta D, Capdeville R, Zoellner U, Talpaz M, Druker B, Goldman J, O'Brien SG, Russell N, Fischer T, Ottmann O, Cony-Makhoul P, Facon T, Stone R, Miller C, Tallman M, Brown R, Schuster M, Loughran T, Gratwohl A, Mandelli F, Saglio G, Lazzarino M, Russo D, Baccarani M, Morra E; International STI571 CML Study Group. Hematologic and cytogenetic responses to imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 28;346(9):645-52. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Hochhaus A, Druker B, Sawyers C, Guilhot F, Schiffer CA, Cortes J, Niederwieser DW, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Stone RM, Goldman J, Fischer T, O'Brien SG, Reiffers JJ, Mone M, Krahnke T, Talpaz M, Kantarjian HM. Favorable long-term follow-up results over 6 years for response, survival, and safety with imatinib mesylate therapy in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of interferon-alpha treatment. Blood. 2008 Feb 1;111(3):1039-43. Epub 2007 Oct 11. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  3. Kantarjian H, Pasquini R, Hamerschlak N, Rousselot P, Holowiecki J, Jootar S, Robak T, Khoroshko N, Masszi T, Skotnicki A, Hellmann A, Zaritsky A, Golenkov A, Radich J, Hughes T, Countouriotis A, Shah N. Dasatinib or high-dose imatinib for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of first-line imatinib: a randomized phase 2 trial. Blood. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):5143-50. Epub 2007 Feb 22. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. Case series: Palandri F, Iacobucci I, Martinelli G, Amabile M, Poerio A, Testoni N, Soverini S, Castagnetti F, De Vivo A, Breccia M, Specchia G, Abruzzese E, Martino B, Cilloni D, Saglio G, Pane F, Liberati AM, Rosti G, Baccarani M; GIMEMA Working Party on CML. Long-term outcome of complete cytogenetic responders after imatinib 400 mg in late chronic phase, philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: the GIMEMA Working Party on CML. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):106-11. link to original article PubMed
  5. Guilhot F, Druker B, Larson RA, Gathmann I, So C, Waltzman R, O'Brien SG. High rates of durable response are achieved with imatinib after treatment with interferon alpha plus cytarabine: results from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS) trial. Haematologica. 2009 Dec;94(12):1669-75. Epub 2009 Jul 31. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  6. Petzer AL, Wolf D, Fong D, Lion T, Dyagil I, Masliak Z, Bogdanovic A, Griskevicius L, Lejniece S, Goranov S, Gercheva L, Stojanovic A, Peytchev D, Tzvetkov N, Griniute R, Oucheva R, Ulmer H, Kwakkelstein M, Rancati F, Gastl G. High-dose imatinib improves cytogenetic and molecular remissions in patients with pretreated Philadelphia-positive, BCR-ABL-positive chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: first results from the randomized CELSG phase III CML 11 "ISTAHIT" study. Haematologica. 2010 Jun;95(6):908-13. Epub 2010 Feb 9. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Petzer AL, Fong D, Lion T, Dyagil I, Masliak Z, Bogdanovic A, Griskevicius L, Lejniece S, Goranov S, Gercheva L, Stojanovic A, Peytchev D, Tzvetkov N, Griniute R, Stanchev A, Grubinger T, Kwakkelstein M, Schuld P, Gastl G, Wolf D. High-dose imatinib induction followed by standard-dose maintenance in pre-treated chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients--final analysis of a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial. Haematologica. 2012 Oct;97(10):1562-9. Epub 2012 Apr 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  7. Yeung DT, Osborn MP, White DL, Branford S, Braley J, Herschtal A, Kornhauser M, Issa S, Hiwase DK, Hertzberg M, Schwarer AP, Filshie R, Arthur CK, Kwan YL, Trotman J, Forsyth CJ, Taper J, Ross DM, Beresford J, Tam C, Mills AK, Grigg AP, Hughes TP; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group. TIDEL-II: first-line use of imatinib in CML with early switch to nilotinib for failure to achieve time-dependent molecular targets. Blood. 2015 Feb 5;125(6):915-23. Epub 2014 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  8. Cortes JE, De Souza CA, Ayala M, Lopez JL, Bullorsky E, Shah S, Huang X, Babu KG, Abdulkadyrov K, de Oliveira JS, Shen ZX, Sacha T, Bendit I, Liang Z, Owugah T, Szczudlo T, Khanna S, Fellague-Chebra R, le Coutre PD. Switching to nilotinib versus imatinib dose escalation in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response to imatinib (LASOR): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Dec;3(12):e581-e591. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Nilotinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kantarjian et al. 2007 Phase II
Hughes et al. 2014 (ENESTnd extension) Non-randomized portion of RCT
Yeung et al. 2014 (TIDEL-II) Non-randomized
Cortes et al. 2016 (LASOR) Phase III Imatinib 600 mg daily Seems not superior

Patients in ENESTnd extension had a suboptimal response/treatment failure on imatinib 400 mg once or twice per day or nilotinib 300 mg BID. Patients in TIDEL-II had failed to meet molecular targets while on imatinib. Patients in LASOR had a suboptimal response to standard-dose imatinib.

Chemotherapy

References

  1. Phase I: Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, Bhalla K, O'Brien S, Wassmann B, Tanaka C, Manley P, Rae P, Mietlowski W, Bochinski K, Hochhaus A, Griffin JD, Hoelzer D, Albitar M, Dugan M, Cortes J, Alland L, Ottmann OG. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51. link to original article PubMed
  2. Kantarjian HM, Giles F, Gattermann N, Bhalla K, Alimena G, Palandri F, Ossenkoppele GJ, Nicolini FE, O'Brien SG, Litzow M, Bhatia R, Cervantes F, Haque A, Shou Y, Resta DJ, Weitzman A, Hochhaus A, le Coutre P. Nilotinib (formerly AMN107), a highly selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase following imatinib resistance and intolerance. Blood. 2007 Nov 15;110(10):3540-6. Epub 2007 Aug 22. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Kantarjian HM, Giles FJ, Bhalla KN, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Larson RA, Gattermann N, Ottmann OG, Hochhaus A, Radich JP, Saglio G, Hughes TP, Martinelli G, Kim DW, Shou Y, Gallagher NJ, Blakesley R, Baccarani M, Cortes J, le Coutre PD. Nilotinib is effective in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase after imatinib resistance or intolerance: 24-month follow-up results. Blood. 2011 Jan 27;117(4):1141-5. Epub 2010 Nov 22. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Giles FJ, le Coutre PD, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Larson RA, Gattermann N, Ottmann OG, Hochhaus A, Radich JP, Saglio G, Hughes TP, Martinelli G, Kim DW, Novick S, Gillis K, Fan X, Cortes J, Baccarani M, Kantarjian HM. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: 48-month follow-up results of a phase II study. Leukemia. 2013 Jan;27(1):107-12. Epub 2012 Jul 5. link to original article PubMed
  3. Hughes TP, Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Cervantes F, Guilhot F, Niederwieser D, le Coutre PD, Rosti G, Ossenkoppele G, Lobo C, Shibayama H, Fan X, Menssen HD, Kemp C, Larson RA, Saglio G. Safety and efficacy of switching to nilotinib 400 mg twice daily for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response or failure on front-line imatinib or nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. Haematologica. 2014 Jul;99(7):1204-11. Epub 2014 Feb 14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  4. Yeung DT, Osborn MP, White DL, Branford S, Braley J, Herschtal A, Kornhauser M, Issa S, Hiwase DK, Hertzberg M, Schwarer AP, Filshie R, Arthur CK, Kwan YL, Trotman J, Forsyth CJ, Taper J, Ross DM, Beresford J, Tam C, Mills AK, Grigg AP, Hughes TP; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group. TIDEL-II: first-line use of imatinib in CML with early switch to nilotinib for failure to achieve time-dependent molecular targets. Blood. 2015 Feb 5;125(6):915-23. Epub 2014 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  5. Cortes JE, De Souza CA, Ayala M, Lopez JL, Bullorsky E, Shah S, Huang X, Babu KG, Abdulkadyrov K, de Oliveira JS, Shen ZX, Sacha T, Bendit I, Liang Z, Owugah T, Szczudlo T, Khanna S, Fellague-Chebra R, le Coutre PD. Switching to nilotinib versus imatinib dose escalation in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response to imatinib (LASOR): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Dec;3(12):e581-e591. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Omacetaxine monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2012 (Omacetaxine 202 Study Group) Phase II
Cortes et al. 2013 (Omacetaxine 203 Study Group) Phase II

Chemotherapy, induction phase

28-day cycles, given until hematologic response is achieved

Chemotherapy, maintenance phase

Supportive medications

  • Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) only allowed if febrile neutropenia occurred.
  • Erythropoietin/Epoetin alfa (Procrit), Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp), or blood transfusions were allowed at any time for management of any grade of anemia.

28-day cycles

References

  1. Cortes J, Lipton JH, Rea D, Digumarti R, Chuah C, Nanda N, Benichou AC, Craig AR, Michallet M, Nicolini FE, Kantarjian H; on behalf of the Omacetaxine 202 Study Group. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate after TKI failure in patients with chronic-phase CML with T315I mutation. Blood. 2012 Sep 27;120(13):2573-2580. Epub 2012 Aug 15. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
  2. Cortes J, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, Wetzler M, Lipton JH, Hochhaus A, Craig AR, Benichou AC, Nicolini FE, Kantarjian HM; Omacetaxine 203 Study Group. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to or intolerant of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2013 May;88(5):350-4. Epub 2013 Mar 7. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Rea D, Wetzler M, Lipton JH, Akard L, Khoury HJ, Michallet M, Guerci-Bresler A, Chuah C, Hellmann A, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, Legros L, Warzocha K, Baccarani M, Li E, Munteanu M, Nicolini FE. Final analysis of the efficacy and safety of omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with chronic-or accelerated-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: Results with 24 months of follow-up. Cancer. 2015 May 15;121(10):1637-44. Epub 2015 Jan 13. link to original article PubMed

Ponatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2013 (PACE) Phase II

Chemotherapy

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, le Coutre P, Paquette R, Chuah C, Nicolini FE, Apperley JF, Khoury HJ, Talpaz M, Dipersio J, Deangelo DJ, Abruzzese E, Rea D, Baccarani M, Müller MC, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Wong S, Lustgarten S, Rivera VM, Clackson T, Turner CD, Haluska FG, Guilhot F, Deininger MW, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Goldman JM, Shah NP, Kantarjian H; the PACE Investigators. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 7;369(19):1783-96. Epub 2013 Nov 1. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Abstract: Dong-Wook Kim, Javier Pinilla-Ibarz, Philipp D le Coutre, Ronald Paquette, Charles Chuah, Franck E. Nicolini, Jane F Apperley, H. Jean Khoury, Moshe Talpaz, John F. DiPersio, Daniel J DeAngelo, Elisabetta Abruzzese, Delphine Rea, Michele Baccarani, Martin C. Müller, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Stephanie Lustgarten, Victor M. Rivera, Tim Clackson, Christopher D Turner, Frank G Haluska, François Guilhot, Michael W. Deininger, Andreas Hochhaus, Timothy P. Hughes, John M Goldman, Neil P. Shah, Hagop M. Kantarjian. Ponatinib In Patients (pts) With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Ph+ ALL) Resistant Or Intolerant To Dasatinib Or Nilotinib, Or With The T315I BCR-ABL Mutation: 2-Year Follow-Up Of The PACE Trial. Blood Nov 2013,122(21)650 link to original abstract

Accelerated phase, first-line therapy

Imatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Rea et al. 2012 Retrospective

Details of the regimen were not discernible from the manuscript.

Chemotherapy

References

  1. Retrospective: Rea D, Etienne G, Nicolini F, Cony-Makhoul P, Johnson-Ansah H, Legros L, Huguet F, Tulliez M, Gardembas M, Bouabdallah K, Rousselot P, Cayuela JM, Guilhot F, Mahon FX. First-line imatinib mesylate in patients with newly diagnosed accelerated phase-chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2254-9. Epub 2012 Mar 30. link to original article PubMed

Accelerated phase, previously treated

Dasatinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Guilhot et al. 2007 Phase II
Kantarjian et al. 2009 (CA180-035) Phase III Dasatinib 140 mg daily Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Kantarjian et al. 2009 (CA180-035) Phase III Dasatinib 70 mg BID Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

References

  1. Guilhot F, Apperley J, Kim DW, Bullorsky EO, Baccarani M, Roboz GJ, Amadori S, de Souza CA, Lipton JH, Hochhaus A, Heim D, Larson RA, Branford S, Muller MC, Agarwal P, Gollerkeri A, Talpaz M. Dasatinib induces significant hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase. Blood. 2007 May 15;109(10):4143-50. Epub 2007 Jan 30. link to original article PubMed
  2. Kantarjian H, Cortes J, Kim DW, Dorlhiac-Llacer P, Pasquini R, DiPersio J, Müller MC, Radich JP, Khoury HJ, Khoroshko N, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Tallman MS. Phase 3 study of dasatinib 140 mg once daily versus 70 mg twice daily in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase resistant or intolerant to imatinib: 15-month median follow-up. Blood. 2009 Jun 18;113(25):6322-9. Epub 2009 Apr 15. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Nilotinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Giles et al. 2010 Phase II
Nicolini et al. 2011 (ENACT) Phase IIIb

Chemotherapy

References

  1. Giles FJ, Abruzzese E, Rosti G, Kim DW, Bhatia R, Bosly A, Goldberg S, Kam GL, Jagasia M, Mendrek W, Fischer T, Facon T, Dünzinger U, Marin D, Mueller MC, Shou Y, Gallagher NJ, Larson RA, Mahon FX, Baccarani M, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM. Nilotinib is active in chronic and accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia following failure of imatinib and dasatinib therapy. Leukemia. 2010 Jul;24(7):1299-301. Epub 2010 Jun 3. link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: le Coutre PD, Giles FJ, Hochhaus A, Apperley JF, Ossenkoppele GJ, Blakesley R, Shou Y, Gallagher NJ, Baccarani M, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM. Nilotinib in patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase following imatinib resistance or intolerance: 24-month follow-up results. Leukemia. 2012 Jun;26(6):1189-94. Epub 2011 Nov 11. link to original article PubMed
  2. Nicolini FE, Masszi T, Shen Z, Gallagher NJ, Jootar S, Powell BL, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Zheng M, Szczudlo T, Turkina A. Expanding Nilotinib Access in Clinical Trials (ENACT), an open-label multicenter study of oral nilotinib in adult patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase or blast crisis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012 May;53(5):907-14. Epub 2011 Dec 5. link to original article PubMed

Omacetaxine monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2012 (Omacetaxine 202 Study Group) Phase II
Cortes et al. 2013 (Omacetaxine 203 Study Group) Phase II

Chemotherapy, induction phase

28-day cycles, given until hematologic response is achieved

Chemotherapy, maintenance phase

Supportive medications

  • Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) only allowed if febrile neutropenia occurred.
  • Erythropoietin/Epoetin alfa (Procrit), Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp), or blood transfusions were allowed at any time for management of any grade of anemia.

28-day cycles

References

  1. Cortes J, Lipton JH, Rea D, Digumarti R, Chuah C, Nanda N, Benichou AC, Craig AR, Michallet M, Nicolini FE, Kantarjian H; on behalf of the Omacetaxine 202 Study Group. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate after TKI failure in patients with chronic-phase CML with T315I mutation. Blood. 2012 Sep 27;120(13):2573-2580. Epub 2012 Aug 15. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Pooled subgroup analysis: Nicolini FE, Khoury HJ, Akard L, Rea D, Kantarjian H, Baccarani M, Leonoudakis J, Craig A, Benichou AC, Cortes J. Omacetaxine mepesuccinate for patients with accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Haematologica. 2013 Jul;98(7):e78-9. Epub 2013 Jun 10. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Pooled update: Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Rea D, Wetzler M, Lipton JH, Akard L, Khoury HJ, Michallet M, Guerci-Bresler A, Chuah C, Hellmann A, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, Legros L, Warzocha K, Baccarani M, Li E, Munteanu M, Nicolini FE. Final analysis of the efficacy and safety of omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with chronic-or accelerated-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: Results with 24 months of follow-up. Cancer. 2015 May 15;121(10):1637-44. Epub 2015 Jan 13. link to original article PubMed
  2. Cortes J, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, Wetzler M, Lipton JH, Hochhaus A, Craig AR, Benichou AC, Nicolini FE, Kantarjian HM; Omacetaxine 203 Study Group. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to or intolerant of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2013 May;88(5):350-4. Epub 2013 Mar 7. link to original article PubMed
    1. Pooled subgroup analysis: Nicolini FE, Khoury HJ, Akard L, Rea D, Kantarjian H, Baccarani M, Leonoudakis J, Craig A, Benichou AC, Cortes J. Omacetaxine mepesuccinate for patients with accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Haematologica. 2013 Jul;98(7):e78-9. Epub 2013 Jun 10. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Pooled update: Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Rea D, Wetzler M, Lipton JH, Akard L, Khoury HJ, Michallet M, Guerci-Bresler A, Chuah C, Hellmann A, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, Legros L, Warzocha K, Baccarani M, Li E, Munteanu M, Nicolini FE. Final analysis of the efficacy and safety of omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with chronic-or accelerated-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: Results with 24 months of follow-up. Cancer. 2015 May 15;121(10):1637-44. Epub 2015 Jan 13. link to original article PubMed

Ponatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2013 (PACE) Phase II

Chemotherapy

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, le Coutre P, Paquette R, Chuah C, Nicolini FE, Apperley JF, Khoury HJ, Talpaz M, Dipersio J, Deangelo DJ, Abruzzese E, Rea D, Baccarani M, Müller MC, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Wong S, Lustgarten S, Rivera VM, Clackson T, Turner CD, Haluska FG, Guilhot F, Deininger MW, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Goldman JM, Shah NP, Kantarjian H; the PACE Investigators. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 7;369(19):1783-96. Epub 2013 Nov 1. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Abstract: Dong-Wook Kim, Javier Pinilla-Ibarz, Philipp D le Coutre, Ronald Paquette, Charles Chuah, Franck E. Nicolini, Jane F Apperley, H. Jean Khoury, Moshe Talpaz, John F. DiPersio, Daniel J DeAngelo, Elisabetta Abruzzese, Delphine Rea, Michele Baccarani, Martin C. Müller, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Stephanie Lustgarten, Victor M. Rivera, Tim Clackson, Christopher D Turner, Frank G Haluska, François Guilhot, Michael W. Deininger, Andreas Hochhaus, Timothy P. Hughes, John M Goldman, Neil P. Shah, Hagop M. Kantarjian. Ponatinib In Patients (pts) With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Ph+ ALL) Resistant Or Intolerant To Dasatinib Or Nilotinib, Or With The T315I BCR-ABL Mutation: 2-Year Follow-Up Of The PACE Trial. Blood Nov 2013,122(21)650 link to original abstract

Blast crisis

Bosutinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Cortes et al. 2011 Phase I/II

Note: the dosing described is that reported for the phase 2 portion of the phase 1/2 study.

Chemotherapy

  • Bosutinib (Bosulif) 500 mg PO once per day, take with food
    • If no grade 3 or higher drug-related toxicity occurs, dose can be escalated to 600 mg PO once per day if response is suboptimal. Suboptimal response defined as no complete hematologic response (CHR) by week 8 or complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by week 12.

Given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

  1. Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, Kim DW, Turkina AG, Shen ZX, Pasquini R, Khoury HJ, Arkin S, Volkert A, Besson N, Abbas R, Wang J, Leip E, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Safety and efficacy of bosutinib (SKI-606) in chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4567-76. Epub 2011 Aug 24. Erratum in: Blood. 2013 Oct 3;122(14):2524. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Khoury HJ, Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Baccarani M, Kim DW, Zaritskey A, Countouriotis A, Besson N, Leip E, Kelly V, Brümmendorf TH. Bosutinib is active in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib and dasatinib and/or nilotinib therapy failure. Blood. 2012 Apr 12;119(15):3403-12. Epub 2012 Feb 27. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE, Kim DW, Khoury HJ, Brümmendorf TH, Porkka K, Martinelli G, Durrant S, Leip E, Kelly V, Turnbull K, Besson N, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Bosutinib safety and management of toxicity in leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood. 2014 Feb 27;123(9):1309-18. Epub 2013 Dec 17. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    3. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Brümmendorf TH, Kim DW, Turkina AG, Masszi T, Assouline S, Durrant S, Kantarjian HM, Khoury HJ, Zaritskey A, Shen ZX, Jin J, Vellenga E, Pasquini R, Mathews V, Cervantes F, Besson N, Turnbull K, Leip E, Kelly V, Cortes JE. Bosutinib efficacy and safety in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib resistance or intolerance: Minimum 24-month follow-up. Am J Hematol. 2014 Jul;89(7):732-42. Epub 2014 Apr 28. link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Gambacorti-Passerini C, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, Khoury HJ, Turkina AG, Brümmendorf TH, Matczak E, Bardy-Bouxin N, Shapiro M, Turnbull K, Leip E, Cortes JE. Long-term efficacy and safety of bosutinib in patients with advanced leukemia following resistance/intolerance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2015 Sep;90(9):755-68. Epub 2015 Jun 1. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Dasatinib monotherapy

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Regimen #1

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Cortes et al. 2006 (START-B/START-L) Phase II
Saglio et al. 2010 (CA180-035) Phase III Dasatinib 140 mg daily Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

Dasatinib (Sprycel) 70 mg PO BID

Regimen #2

Study Evidence Comparator Efficacy
Saglio et al. 2010 (CA180-035) Phase III Dasatinib 70 mg BID Seems not superior

Chemotherapy

Dasatinib (Sprycel) 140 mg PO once per day

References

  1. Cortes J, Rousselot P, Kim DW, Ritchie E, Hamerschlak N, Coutre S, Hochhaus A, Guilhot F, Saglio G, Apperley J, Ottmann O, Shah N, Erben P, Branford S, Agarwal P, Gollerkeri A, Baccarani M. Dasatinib induces complete hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3207-13. Epub 2006 Dec 21. link to original article PubMed
  2. Subgroup analysis: Saglio G, Hochhaus A, Goh YT, Masszi T, Pasquini R, Maloisel F, Erben P, Cortes J, Paquette R, Bradley-Garelik MB, Zhu C, Dombret H. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in blast phase after 2 years of follow-up in a phase 3 study: efficacy and tolerability of 140 milligrams once daily and 70 milligrams twice daily. Cancer. 2010 Aug 15;116(16):3852-61. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Imatinib monotherapy

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Regimen

Study Evidence
Druker et al. 2001 Phase I
Sawyers et al. 2002 Phase II

Chemotherapy

References

  1. Phase I: Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, Kantarjian H, Resta DJ, Reese SF, Ford JM, Capdeville R, Talpaz M. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 5;344(14):1038-42. link to original article PubMed
  2. Sawyers CL, Hochhaus A, Feldman E, Goldman JM, Miller CB, Ottmann OG, Schiffer CA, Talpaz M, Guilhot F, Deininger MW, Fischer T, O'Brien SG, Stone RM, Gambacorti-Passerini CB, Russell NH, Reiffers JJ, Shea TC, Chapuis B, Coutre S, Tura S, Morra E, Larson RA, Saven A, Peschel C, Gratwohl A, Mandelli F, Ben-Am M, Gathmann I, Capdeville R, Paquette RL, Druker BJ. Imatinib induces hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast crisis: results of a phase II study. Blood. 2002 May 15;99(10):3530-9. link to original article PubMed

Lymphoid

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Myeloid

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Response Criteria

  • Tam CS, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G, Borthakur G, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Shan J, Cortes J. Failure to achieve a major cytogenetic response by 12 months defines inadequate response in patients receiving nilotinib or dasatinib as second or subsequent line therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2008 Aug 1;112(3):516-8. Epub 2008 May 20. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  • CML response criteria (BloodRef.com) based on 2013 European LeukemiaNet Recommendations for Management of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Risk Scores

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