Sickle cell anemia

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Section editor
Benjamin Tillman, MD
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
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Are you looking for a regimen but can't find it here? For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit this page. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it!

  • We have moved How I Treat articles to a dedicated page.
Last updated on 2024-07-23:
7 regimens on this page
7 variants on this page


Guidelines

Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.

ASH


BSH


NHLBI


All lines of therapy

Crizanlizumab monotherapy

Regimen

FDA-recommended dose
Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Ataga et al. 2016 (SUSTAIN) 2013-2015 Randomized Phase 2 (E-RT-esc) 1. Placebo Superior annual rate of crises (primary endpoint)
2. Crizanlizumab; 2.5 mg/kg Not reported

Supportive therapy

14-day cycle for 26 cycles (1 year)

References

  1. SUSTAIN: Ataga KI, Kutlar A, Kanter J, Liles D, Cancado R, Friedrisch J, Guthrie TH, Knight-Madden J, Alvarez OA, Gordeuk VR, Gualandro S, Colella MP, Smith WR, Rollins SA, Stocker JW, Rother RP. Crizanlizumab for the prevention of pain crises in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 2;376(5):429-439. Epub 2016 Dec 3. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01895361


Exagamglogene autotemcel monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Frangoul et al. 2024 (CLIMB SCD-121) 2018-11-27 to not reported Non-randomized phase 3 (RT)

Targeted therapy

One course

References

  1. CLIMB SCD-121: Frangoul H, Locatelli F, Sharma A, Bhatia M, Mapara M, Molinari L, Wall D, Liem RI, Telfer P, Shah AJ, Cavazzana M, Corbacioglu S, Rondelli D, Meisel R, Dedeken L, Lobitz S, de Montalembert M, Steinberg MH, Walters MC, Eckrich MJ, Imren S, Bower L, Simard C, Zhou W, Xuan F, Morrow PK, Hobbs WE, Grupp SA; CLIMB SCD-121 Study Group. Exagamglogene Autotemcel for Severe Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med. 2024 May 9;390(18):1649-1662. Epub 2024 Apr 24. link to original article PubMed NCT03745287


Hydroxyurea monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Charache et al. 1995 (MSH) 1992-1994 Phase 3 (E-esc) Placebo Superior annual rate of crises
Wang et al. 2011 (BABY HUG) 2003-2009 Phase 3 (E-esc) Placebo Did not meet co-primary endpoints of splenic and renal function

Chemotherapy

Continued indefinitely

Dose and schedule modifications

Doses were subsequently adjusted, see articles for details.

References

  1. MSH: Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, Dover GJ, Barton FB, Eckert SV, McMahon RP, Bonds DR; Investigators of the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia. Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. N Engl J Med. 1995 May 18;332(20):1317-22. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed
    1. Update: Steinberg MH, Barton F, Castro O, Pegelow CH, Ballas SK, Kutlar A, Orringer E, Bellevue R, Olivieri N, Eckman J, Varma M, Ramirez G, Adler B, Smith W, Carlos T, Ataga K, DeCastro L, Bigelow C, Saunthararajah Y, Telfer M, Vichinsky E, Claster S, Shurin S, Bridges K, Waclawiw M, Bonds D, Terrin M. Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia: risks and benefits up to 9 years of treatment. JAMA. 2003 Apr 2;289(13):1645-51. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003 Aug 13;290(6):756. link to original article PubMed
    2. HRQoL analysis: Ballas SK, Barton FB, Waclawiw MA, Swerdlow P, Eckman JR, Pegelow CH, Koshy M, Barton BA, Bonds DR. Hydroxyurea and sickle cell anemia: effect on quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 31;4:59. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  2. BABY HUG: Wang WC, Ware RE, Miller ST, Iyer RV, Casella JF, Minniti CP, Rana S, Thornburg CD, Rogers ZR, Kalpatthi RV, Barredo JC, Brown RC, Sarnaik SA, Howard TH, Wynn LW, Kutlar A, Armstrong FD, Files BA, Goldsmith JC, Waclawiw MA, Huang X, Thompson BW; BABY HUG investigators. Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG). Lancet. 2011 May 14;377(9778):1663-72. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT00006400
  3. NOHARM MTD: John CC, Opoka RO, Latham TS, Hume HA, Nabaggala C, Kasirye P, Ndugwa CM, Lane A, Ware RE. Hydroxyurea Dose Escalation for Sickle Cell Anemia in Sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 25;382(26):2524-2533. link to original article PubMed NCT03128515


Hydroxyurea & Voxelotor

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Vichinsky et al. 2019 (HOPE) 2017-01 to 2018-05 Phase 3 (E-esc) 1. Placebo Superior hemoglobin response (primary endpoint)
2. Voxelotor; 900 mg/day Not reported

Note: no specific dose of hydroxyurea is specified, just that the dose had to be stable for at least 3 months prior to trial enrollment. Approximately two-thirds of the patients were noted to be on hydroxyurea at baseline.

Chemotherapy

Targeted therapy

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. HOPE: Vichinsky E, Hoppe CC, Ataga KI, Ware RE, Nduba V, El-Beshlawy A, Hassab H, Achebe MM, Alkindi S, Brown RC, Diuguid DL, Telfer P, Tsitsikas DA, Elghandour A, Gordeuk VR, Kanter J, Abboud MR, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Tonda M, Intondi A, Tong B, Howard J; HOPE Trial Investigators. A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Voxelotor in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):509-519. Epub 2019 Jun 14. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT03036813
    1. Update: Howard J, Ataga KI, Brown RC, Achebe M, Nduba V, El-Beshlawy A, Hassab H, Agodoa I, Tonda M, Gray S, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Vichinsky E. Voxelotor in adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease (HOPE): long-term follow-up results of an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e323-e333. Epub 2021 Apr 7. link to original article PubMed


L-glutamine monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Niihara et al. 2018 (GLUSCC09-01) 2010-2013 Phase 3 (E-switch-ooc) Placebo +/- Hydroxyurea Superior reduction in the number of sickle cell crises through week 48 (primary endpoint)

Supportive therapy

48-week course

References

  1. GLUSCC09-01: Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, Lanzkron S, Smith WR, Hsu LL, Gordeuk VR, Viswanathan K, Sarnaik S, Osunkwo I, Guillaume E, Sadanandan S, Sieger L, Lasky JL, Panosyan EH, Blake OA, New TN, Bellevue R, Tran LT, Razon RL, Stark CW, Neumayr LD, Vichinsky EP; Investigators of the Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. A phase 3 trial of l-glutamine in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):226-235. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT01179217


RBC transfusions

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
DeBaun et al. 2014 (SIT) 2004-2010 Phase 3 (E-esc) Observation Seems to have fewer cerebral infarcts (primary endpoint)

Supportive therapy

  • RBC transfusions

References

  1. SIT: DeBaun MR, Gordon M, McKinstry RC, Noetzel MJ, White DA, Sarnaik SA, Meier ER, Howard TH, Majumdar S, Inusa BP, Telfer PT, Kirby-Allen M, McCavit TL, Kamdem A, Airewele G, Woods GM, Berman B, Panepinto JA, Fuh BR, Kwiatkowski JL, King AA, Fixler JM, Rhodes MM, Thompson AA, Heiny ME, Redding-Lallinger RC, Kirkham FJ, Dixon N, Gonzalez CE, Kalinyak KA, Quinn CT, Strouse JJ, Miller JP, Lehmann H, Kraut MA, Ball WS Jr, Hirtz D, Casella JF. Controlled trial of transfusions for silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell anemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 21;371(8):699-710. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT00072761


Voxelotor monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Vichinsky et al. 2019 (HOPE) 2017-01 to 2018-05 Phase 3 (E-esc) 1. Placebo Superior hemoglobin response (primary endpoint)
2. Voxelotor; 900 mg/day Not reported

Supportive therapy

Continued indefinitely

References

  1. HOPE: Vichinsky E, Hoppe CC, Ataga KI, Ware RE, Nduba V, El-Beshlawy A, Hassab H, Achebe MM, Alkindi S, Brown RC, Diuguid DL, Telfer P, Tsitsikas DA, Elghandour A, Gordeuk VR, Kanter J, Abboud MR, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Tonda M, Intondi A, Tong B, Howard J; HOPE Trial Investigators. A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Voxelotor in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):509-519. Epub 2019 Jun 14. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors PubMed NCT03036813
    1. Update: Howard J, Ataga KI, Brown RC, Achebe M, Nduba V, El-Beshlawy A, Hassab H, Agodoa I, Tonda M, Gray S, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Vichinsky E. Voxelotor in adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease (HOPE): long-term follow-up results of an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e323-e333. Epub 2021 Apr 7. link to original article PubMed


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