Difference between revisions of "Multiple myeloma"

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Is there a regimen missing from this list?  Would you like to share a different dosage/schedule or an additional reference for a regimen?  Have you noticed an error?  Do you have an idea that will help the site grow to better meet your needs and the needs of many others?  You are [[How_to_contribute|invited to contribute to the site]].
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{{#lst:Editorial board transclusions|pcd}}
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''Are you looking for a regimen but can't find it here? It is possible that we've moved it to the [[Multiple_myeloma_-_historical|historical regimens page]]. For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit [[Multiple myeloma - null regimens|this page]]. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it!''<br>
 +
<br><big>'''Note: due to its size/complexity, the multiple myeloma page has been split into sub-pages:'''
 +
*[[Multiple_myeloma,_induction|Induction (transplant eligible and ineligible)]]
 +
*[[Multiple_myeloma,_consolidation_and_maintenance|First-line consolidation and maintenance]]
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*[[Multiple_myeloma,_relapsed-refractory|Relapsed/refractory, including subsequent consolidation and maintenance]]
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*[[Smoldering multiple myeloma]]
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'''This page will remain as a consolidated location for guidelines and prognostic information.
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</big>
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*''We have moved [[How I Treat]] articles to a dedicated page.''
 
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
 
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
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<section begin=guidelines />
 +
=Guidelines=
 +
'''Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.'''
  
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=First-line regimens (including transplant ineligible)=
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==[https://www.asco.org ASCO]/CCO==
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+
*'''2019:''' Mikhael et al. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.18.02096 Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: ASCO and CCO Joint Clinical Practice Guideline] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30932732/ PubMed]
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==BiRD==
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*'''2018:''' Anderson et al. [https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6402 Role of bone-modifying agents in multiple myeloma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline update] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29341831/ PubMed]
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BiRD: '''<u>Bi</u>'''axin, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
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**'''2007:''' Kyle et al. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.12.1269 American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17515569/ PubMed]
−
 
+
**'''2002:''' Berenson et al. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.06.037 American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12202673/ PubMed]
−
[[Levels of Evidence]]: '''2007'''
 
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<span
 
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style="background:#EEEE00;
 
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border-style:solid;">Phase II</span>
 
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−
 
 
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&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;'''2010'''
 
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<span
 
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style="background:#EEEE00;
 
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border-color:black;
 
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border-width:2px;
 
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border-style:solid;">Phase II</span>
 
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<span title="Median PFS 48.3 mo. (BiRd) vs. 27.5 mo. (Rd)"
 
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style="background:#EEEE00;
 
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padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
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border-color:black;
 
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border-width:2px;
 
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border-style:solid;">Retrospective improved PFS</span>
 
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<span
 
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style="background:#ff0000;
 
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padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
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border-color:black;
 
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border-width:2px;
 
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border-style:solid;">Retrospective increased toxicity</span>
 
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===Regimen===
 
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*[[Clarithromycin (Biaxin)]] 500 mg PO BID on days 2-28 of cycle 1; 500 mg PO BID on days 1-28 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
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*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 3-21 of cycle 1; 25 mg PO on days 1-21 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
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*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 22 of cycle 1; 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15, 22 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-week cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
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*Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
 
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*Omeprazole (Prilosed) 20 mg PO daily
 
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*[[Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim DS)]] PO BID 3 times a week
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Niesvizky R, Jayabalan DS, Christos PJ, Furst JR, Naib T, Ely S, Jalbrzikowski J, Pearse RN, Zafar F, Pekle K, Larow A, Lent R, Mark T, Cho HJ, Shore T, Tepler J, Harpel J, Schuster MW, Mathew S, Leonard JP, Mazumdar M, Chen-Kiang S, Coleman M. BiRD (Biaxin [clarithromycin]/Revlimid [lenalidomide]/dexamethasone) combination therapy results in high complete- and overall-response rates in treatment-naive symptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2008 Feb 1;111(3):1101-9. Epub 2007 Nov 7. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/111/3/1101.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989313 PubMed]
 
−
#  Gay F, Rajkumar SV, Coleman M, Kumar S, Mark T, Dispenzieri A, Pearse R, Gertz MA, Leonard J, Lacy MQ, Chen-Kiang S, Roy V, Jayabalan DS, Lust JA, Witzig TE, Fonseca R, Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Stewart AK, Niesvizky R. Clarithromycin (Biaxin)-lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone (BiRd) versus lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2010 Sep;85(9):664-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.21777 link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645430 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==CyBorD (CVD)==
 
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CyBorD: '''<u>Cy</u>'''clophosphamide, '''<u>Bor</u>'''tezomib, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
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<br>CVD: '''<u>C</u>'''yclophosphamide, '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Reeder, et al. 2009===
 
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*[[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 300 mg/m2 PO on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 4-12 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
 
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*Acyclovir
 
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*Quinolone antibiotic
 
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*Antifungal mouthwash recommended
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Kumar, et al. 2012 - EVOLUTION (VDC-mod)===
 
−
*[[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 500 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin 325 mg PO daily
 
−
**[[Warfarin (Coumadin)]] or [[Enoxaparin (Lovenox)]] could be used based on physician discretion
 
−
*PCP prophylaxis recommended
 
−
*[[Acyclovir (Zovirax)]] prophylaxis for Herpes zoster recommended
 
−
*Bisphosphonates could be used "as necessary"
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Kumar, et al. 2012 - EVOLUTION (VDC)===
 
−
*[[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 500 mg/m2 IV on days 1 & 8
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin 325 mg PO daily
 
−
**[[Warfarin (Coumadin)]] or [[Enoxaparin (Lovenox)]] could be used based on physician discretion
 
−
*PCP prophylaxis recommended
 
−
*[[Acyclovir (Zovirax)]] prophylaxis for Herpes zoster recommended
 
−
*Bisphosphonates could be used "as necessary"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Reeder CB, Reece DE, Kukreti V, Chen C, Trudel S, Hentz J, Noble B, Pirooz NA, Spong JE, Piza JG, Zepeda VH, Mikhael JR, Leis JF, Bergsagel PL, Fonseca R, Stewart AK. Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: high response rates in a phase II clinical trial. Leukemia. 2009 Jul;23(7):1337-41. Epub 2009 Feb 19. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2711213/?tool=pubmed link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225538 PubMed]
 
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# Kumar S, Flinn I, Richardson PG, Hari P, Callander N, Noga SJ, Stewart AK, Turturro F, Rifkin R, Wolf J, Estevam J, Mulligan G, Shi H, Webb IJ, Rajkumar SV. Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4375-82. Epub 2012 Mar 15. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/19/4375.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422823 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
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==DEX (Dexamethasone)==
 
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'''<u>DEX</u>'''amethasone
 
−
 
 
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===Regimen===
 
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*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 for cycles 1-2; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 3-12
 
−
 
 
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'''6-week cycles x 12 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Facon T, Mary JY, Pégourie B, Attal M, Renaud M, Sadoun A, Voillat L, Dorvaux V, Hulin C, Lepeu G, Harousseau JL, Eschard JP, Ferrant A, Blanc M, Maloisel F, Orfeuvre H, Rossi JF, Azaïs I, Monconduit M, Collet P, Anglaret B, Yakoub-Agha I, Wetterwald M, Eghbali H, Vekemans MC, Maisonneuve H, Troncy J, Grosbois B, Doyen C, Thyss A, Jaubert J, Casassus P, Thielemans B, Bataille R; Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) group. Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1292-8. Epub 2005 Sep 20. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/107/4/1292.long link to original paper] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174762 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==DEX-IFN==
 
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'''<u>DEX</u>'''amethasone, '''<u>IFN</u>''': Interferon alfa-2b
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 for cycles 1-2; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 3-12
 
−
*[[Interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A)]] 3.0 million units SC 3 times weekly; start with dexamethasone and stop on on day 42 of the last cycle of dexamethasone
 
−
 
 
−
'''6-week cycles x 12 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Facon T, Mary JY, Pégourie B, Attal M, Renaud M, Sadoun A, Voillat L, Dorvaux V, Hulin C, Lepeu G, Harousseau JL, Eschard JP, Ferrant A, Blanc M, Maloisel F, Orfeuvre H, Rossi JF, Azaïs I, Monconduit M, Collet P, Anglaret B, Yakoub-Agha I, Wetterwald M, Eghbali H, Vekemans MC, Maisonneuve H, Troncy J, Grosbois B, Doyen C, Thyss A, Jaubert J, Casassus P, Thielemans B, Bataille R; Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) group. Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1292-8. Epub 2005 Sep 20. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/107/4/1292.long link to original paper] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174762 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
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==DVD, DVd==
 
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DVD: '''<u>D</u>'''oxil, '''<u>V</u>'''incristine, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Hussein, et al. 2002===
 
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*[[Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)]] 40 mg/m2 IV on day 1
 
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*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 2 mg IV on day 1
 
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*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO/IV on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''4-week cycles x 6-8 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Vitamin B6 200 mg PO daily to help reduce risk of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE)
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Rifkin, et al. 2006===
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)]] 40 mg/m2 IV on day 1
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 1.4 mg/m2 capped at 2 mg IV on day 1
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''4-week cycles until stable disease, progression, or unacceptable toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Hussein MA, Wood L, Hsi E, Srkalovic G, Karam M, Elson P, Bukowski RM. A Phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and reduced-dose dexamethasone combination therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Cancer. 2002 Nov 15;95(10):2160-8. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.10946/full link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12412170 PubMed]
 
−
# Rifkin RM, Gregory SA, Mohrbacher A, Hussein MA. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone provide significant reduction in toxicity compared with doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a Phase III multicenter randomized trial. Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;106(4):848-58. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21662/full link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16404741 PubMed]
 
  
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==MP, M-DEX==
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==[http://www.b-s-h.org.uk/ BSH]/[http://www.ukmf.org.uk/ UKMF]==
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MP: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone
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*'''2017:''' [https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14827 Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of patients with myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28677897/ PubMed]
−
M-DEX: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>DEX</u>'''amethasone
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*'''2017:''' [https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14514 Guidelines for screening and management of late and long-term consequences of myeloma and its treatment] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28107574/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2014:''' [http://www.ukmf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Updates-to-the-guidelines-Oct-2014.pdf Updates to the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24801672/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2011:''' [https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12926 Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2011] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24801672/ PubMed]
  
−
===Regimen #1, Facon, et al. 2006===
+
==[http://myeloma-europe.org.linux9.curanetserver.dk/index.php European Myeloma Network (EMN)]==
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.25 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*'''2020:''' Ludwig et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7787974/ Recommendations for vaccination in multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814840/ PubMed]
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*'''2018:''' Caers et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6278986/ European Myeloma Network recommendations on tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma: what to use and when] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30171031/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2018:''' Gay et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5792264/ From transplant to novel cellular therapies in multiple myeloma: European Myeloma Network guidelines and future perspectives] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29217780/ PubMed]
  
−
'''6-week cycles x 12 cycles'''
+
==EHA/[https://www.esmo.org/ ESMO]==
 +
*'''2021:''' Dimopoulos et al. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.014 Multiple myeloma: EHA-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33549387/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2017:''' Moreau et al. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx096 Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956208/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2013:''' Moreau et al. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt297 Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956208/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2010:''' Harousseau & Dreyling. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq178 Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20555068/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2009:''' Harousseau & Dreyling. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp140 Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454476/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2008:''' Harousseau & Dreyling. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn088 Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18456769/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2007:''' Harousseau. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm032 Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17491042/ PubMed]
 +
**'''2005:''' Harousseau et al. [https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdi818 ESMO Minimum Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of multiple myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15888750/ PubMed]
  
−
===Regimen #2, San Miguel, et al. 2008===
+
==[http://imwg.myeloma.org/ IMWG]==
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
+
*'''2021:''' Moreau et al. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30756-7 Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33662288 PubMed]
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
+
*'''2021:''' Terpos et al. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30559-3 Treatment of multiple myeloma-related bone disease: recommendations from the Bone Working Group of the International Myeloma Working Group] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33545067/ PubMed]
  
−
'''6-week cycles x 9 cycles'''
+
*'''2016:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920674/ Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27002115 PubMed]
 +
*'''2016:''' [https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.65.0044 International Myeloma Working Group recommendations for the diagnosis and management of myeloma-related renal impairment] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26976420/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2014:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918540/ International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement for the management, treatment, and supportive care of patients with myeloma not eligible for standard autologous stem-cell transplantation] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24419113/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2013:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878084/ International Myeloma Working Group recommendations for the treatment of multiple myeloma-related bone disease] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23690408/ PubMed]
  
−
===Regimen #3===
+
==NCCN==
−
''Note: Though this regimen is listed in several online references, no primary reference for this exact regimen could be found.'' Specifically, some references cite the Facon, et al. 2006 paper for this regimen, but this regimen is not in that paper. Many additional variations of MP can be found in the Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group 1998 Journal of Clinical Oncology paper referenced below.
+
*[https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1445 NCCN Guidelines - Multiple Myeloma]
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.15 mg/kg PO on days 1-7
+
*'''2020:''' Kumar et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/Jnccn.2020.0057 Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285522/ PubMed]
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 20 mg PO TID on days 1-7
+
*'''2017:''' Kumar et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2017.0023 Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188192/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2016:''' Anderson et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6016087/ NCCN Guidelines Insights: Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2016] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27059188/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2015:''' Anderson et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4891187/ Multiple Myeloma, Version 2.2016: Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26553768/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2011:''' Anderson et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/Jnccn.2011.0095 Multiple myeloma.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21975914/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2009:''' Anderson et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/Jnccn.2009.0061 NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19878637/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2007:''' Anderson et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/Jnccn.2007.0014 Multiple myeloma. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335683/ PubMed]
 +
*'''2004:''' Anderson et al. [https://doi.org/10.6004/Jnccn.2004.0029 Multiple myeloma clinical practice guidelines in oncoloqy.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19795598/ PubMed]
  
−
'''6-week cycles'''
+
==SITC==
 +
*'''2020:''' Shah et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7359060/ The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661116/ PubMed]
 +
<section end=guidelines />
 +
<section begin=bottom />
  
−
===Regimen #4, Facon, et al. 2006===
+
=Response criteria=
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.25 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*[https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2404284 IMWG international uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. (Durie et al. Leukemia 2006)] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16855634/ PubMed]
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 for cycles 1-2; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 3-12
+
**[https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2404284 Make note of these errors] which remain in the online version of the IMWG criteria as of 7/7/2013.
 +
**[https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2015.290 Clarification of the definition of complete response in multiple myeloma (Leukemia 2015)] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26487274/ PubMed]
 +
*[https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00930.x European Blood and Marrow Transplant (EBMT) criteria. (Bladé et al. Br J Hematol 1998)] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9753033/ PubMed]
  
−
'''6-week cycles x 12 cycles'''
+
=Prognosis=
  
−
===Regimen #5, Hulin, et al. 2009===
+
==[http://myeloma.org/pdfs/Durie-SalmonSS.pdf Durie-Salmon Staging System] - 1975==
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
  
−
'''6-week cycles x 12 cycles'''
+
===Composed of four factors with a modifier based on renal function===
 +
*Serum levels of monoclonal protein (only defined for IgM, IgA, and Bence-Jones)
 +
*Number of lytic bone lesions
 +
*Hemoglobin
 +
*Serum calcium level
  
−
===Regimen #6, Palumbo, et al. 2012===
+
===Risk stratification===
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.18 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*'''Stage I:''' (must meet ALL criteria)  
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
**Hemoglobin greater than 10 g/dL
 +
**Calcium normal or less than or equal to 12 mg/dL
 +
**Skeletal survey with normal bone structure (scale 0) or solitary bone plasmacytoma only
 +
**Monoclonal protein relatively small (IgG M-spike value less than 5 g/dL OR IgA M-spike value less than 3 g/dL OR urine light chain protein less than 4 g/24 hr)
 +
*'''Stage II:''' not stage I or stage III
 +
*'''Stage III: ''' (if meets ANY of the criteria)
 +
**Hemoglobin less than 8.5 g/dL
 +
**Calcium greater than 12 mg/dL
 +
**Skeletal survey with extensive skeletal destruction and major fractures
 +
**Monoclonal protein relatively large (IgG M-spike value greater than 7 g/dL OR IgA M-spike value greater than 5 g/dL OR urine light chain protein greater than 12 g/24 hr)
  
−
'''28-day cycles x 9 cycles'''
+
===Modifier===
−
 
+
*'''A:''' relatively normal creatinine (less than 2 mg/dL)
−
Supportive medications:
+
*'''B:''' creatinine greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL
−
*[[Aspirin]] 75-100 mg PO daily as thromboprophylaxis
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #7,
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
−
# Kyle RA. Monoclonal gammopathy and multiple myeloma in the elderly. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1987 Jun;1(2):533-57. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3322448 PubMed]
+
#Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):842-54. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197509)36:3%3C842::AID-CNCR2820360303%3E3.0.CO;2-U link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1182674/ PubMed]
−
# Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Dec;16(12):3832-42. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/16/12/3832.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850028 PubMed]
 
−
# Facon T, Mary JY, Pégourie B, Attal M, Renaud M, Sadoun A, Voillat L, Dorvaux V, Hulin C, Lepeu G, Harousseau JL, Eschard JP, Ferrant A, Blanc M, Maloisel F, Orfeuvre H, Rossi JF, Azaïs I, Monconduit M, Collet P, Anglaret B, Yakoub-Agha I, Wetterwald M, Eghbali H, Vekemans MC, Maisonneuve H, Troncy J, Grosbois B, Doyen C, Thyss A, Jaubert J, Casassus P, Thielemans B, Bataille R; Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) group. Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1292-8. Epub 2005 Sep 20. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/107/4/1292.long link to original paper] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174762 PubMed]
 
−
# San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, Dimopoulos MA, Shpilberg O, Kropff M, Spicka I, Petrucci MT, Palumbo A, Samoilova OS, Dmoszynska A, Abdulkadyrov KM, Schots R, Jiang B, Mateos MV, Anderson KC, Esseltine DL, Liu K, Cakana A, van de Velde H, Richardson PG; VISTA Trial Investigators. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 28;359(9):906-17. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0801479 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753647 PubMed]
 
−
# Hulin C, Facon T, Rodon P, Pegourie B, Benboubker L, Doyen C, Dib M, Guillerm G, Salles B, Eschard JP, Lenain P, Casassus P, Azaïs I, Decaux O, Garderet L, Mathiot C, Fontan J, Lafon I, Virion JM, Moreau P. Efficacy of melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide in patients older than 75 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: IFM 01/01 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3664-70. Epub 2009 May 18. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/22/3664.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451428 PubMed]
 
−
# Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, Kropff M, Petrucci MT, Catalano J, Gisslinger H, Wiktor-Jędrzejczak W, Zodelava M, Weisel K, Cascavilla N, Iosava G, Cavo M, Kloczko J, Bladé J, Beksac M, Spicka I, Plesner T, Radke J, Langer C, Ben Yehuda D, Corso A, Herbein L, Yu Z, Mei J, Jacques C, Dimopoulos MA; MM-015 Investigators. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):285. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112704 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571200 PubMed]
 
−
# Wijermans P, Schaafsma M, Termorshuizen F, Ammerlaan R, Wittebol S, Sinnige H, Zweegman S, van Marwijk Kooy M, van der Griend R, Lokhorst H, Sonneveld P; Dutch-Belgium Cooperative Group HOVON. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 1;28(19):3160-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.1610. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/19/3160.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516439 PubMed]
 
  
−
==MPR, MPR-R, MPL==
+
==[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627786/table/T3/ International Staging System (ISS)] - 2005==
−
MPL: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone, '''<u>L</u>'''enalidomide
 
−
<br>MPR: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid
 
−
<br>MPR-R: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid maintenance
 
  
−
===Regimen #1, Palumbo, et al. 2007 & Palumbo, et al. 2012 - MPR-R===
+
===Composed of two factors===
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.18 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*Serum albumin level
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
+
*Serum beta-2 microglobulin level
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO on days 1-21
 
  
−
'''28-day cycles x 9 cycles, THEN'''
+
===Risk stratification===
−
 
+
*'''Stage I:''' ''Median survival of 62 months''
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO on days 1-21
+
**Beta-2 microglobulin less than 3.5 mg/l
−
 
+
**Albumin greater than or equal to 3.5 g/dl
−
'''28-day cycles, to continue until relapsed or refractory disease'''
+
*'''Stage II:''' ''Median survival of 44 months''
−
 
+
**Not meeting stage I or stage III criteria
−
Supportive medications (varies depending on reference):
+
*'''Stage III: ''' ''Median survival of 29 months''
−
*Palumbo et al. 2012: [[Aspirin]] 75-100 mg PO daily as thromboprophylaxis
+
**Beta-2 microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 mg/l
−
*Palumbo et al. 2007: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg PO BID and [[Aspirin]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Palumbo, et al. 2012 - MPR===
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.18 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 9 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Aspirin]] 75-100 mg PO daily as thromboprophylaxis
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
−
# Palumbo A, Falco P, Corradini P, Falcone A, Di Raimondo F, Giuliani N, Crippa C, Ciccone G, Omedè P, Ambrosini MT, Gay F, Bringhen S, Musto P, Foà R, Knight R, Zeldis JB, Boccadoro M, Petrucci MT; GIMEMA--Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: a report from the GIMEMA--Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 1;25(28):4459-65. Epub 2007 Sep 4. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/28/4459.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785703 PubMed]
+
# Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, Crowley JJ, Barlogie B, Bladé J, Boccadoro M, Child JA, Avet-Loiseau H, Kyle RA, Lahuerta JJ, Ludwig H, Morgan G, Powles R, Shimizu K, Shustik C, Sonneveld P, Tosi P, Turesson I, Westin J. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.04.242 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15809451/ PubMed]
−
# Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, Kropff M, Petrucci MT, Catalano J, Gisslinger H, Wiktor-Jędrzejczak W, Zodelava M, Weisel K, Cascavilla N, Iosava G, Cavo M, Kloczko J, Bladé J, Beksac M, Spicka I, Plesner T, Radke J, Langer C, Ben Yehuda D, Corso A, Herbein L, Yu Z, Mei J, Jacques C, Dimopoulos MA; MM-015 Investigators. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):285. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112704 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571200 PubMed]
+
# Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2009 Jan;23(1):3-9. Epub 2008 Oct 30. [https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2008.291 link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627786/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971951/ PubMed]
−
 
 
−
==MPT==
 
−
MPT: '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone, '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Facon, et al. 2007===
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.25 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 200 mg PO, increased as tolerated after 2-4 weeks on therapy to maximal dose of 400 mg, given on days 1-42
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 12 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Palumbo, et al. 2006 & Palumbo, et al. 2008===
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 4 mg/m2 PO on days 1-7
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 40 mg/m2 PO on days 1-7
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO on days 1-28
 
−
*[[Enoxaparin (Lovenox)]] 40 mg SC on days 1-28 of cycles 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 6 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily until evidence of relapse or refractory disease
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Hulin, et al. 2009===
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 2 mg/kg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 12 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #4, Wijermans, et al. 2010 (HOVON 49)===
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 0.25 mg/kg PO on days 1-5
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 1 mg/kg PO on days 1-5
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 200 mg PO daily
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 8 cycles, then'''
 
  
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 200 mg PO daily
+
==IMWG consensus on risk stratification - 2013==
  
−
'''28 days, then'''
+
===Composed of four factors===
 +
*Serum albumin level
 +
*Serum beta-2 microglobulin level
 +
*Age
 +
*Chromosomal abnormalities detected by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
  
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO daily until progression
+
===Risk stratification===
 +
*'''Low risk:''' (must meet all criteria) ''Median survival of greater than 10 years''
 +
**[[#International_Staging_System_.28ISS.29_-_2005|ISS]] Stage I or II
 +
**Age less than 55 years
 +
**Absence of the following: del(17p13), t(4;14), +1q21
 +
*'''Standard risk:''' ''Median survival of 7 years''
 +
**Not meeting low risk or high risk criteria
 +
*'''High risk: '''(if meets both criteria) ''Median survival of 2 years''
 +
**[[#International_Staging_System_.28ISS.29_-_2005|ISS]] Stage II or III
 +
**Either of the following: del(17p13) or t(4;14)
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
−
# Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T, Merla E, Capparella V, Callea V, Cangialosi C, Grasso M, Rossini F, Galli M, Catalano L, Zamagni E, Petrucci MT, De Stefano V, Ceccarelli M, Ambrosini MT, Avonto I, Falco P, Ciccone G, Liberati AM, Musto P, Boccadoro M; Italian Multiple Myeloma Network, GIMEMA. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Mar 11;367(9513):825-31. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2806%2968338-4/fulltext link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530576 PubMed]
+
# Chng WJ, Dispenzieri A, Chim CS, Fonseca R, Goldschmidt H, Lentzsch S, Munshi N, Palumbo A, San Miguel J, Sonneveld P, Cavo M, Usmani S, Durie BG, Avet-Loiseau H; International Myeloma Working Group. IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014 Feb;28(2):269-77. Epub 2013 Aug 26. [https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.247 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974982/ PubMed]
−
# Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Attal M, Pegourie B, Renaud M, Harousseau JL, Guillerm G, Chaleteix C, Dib M, Voillat L, Maisonneuve H, Troncy J, Dorvaux V, Monconduit M, Martin C, Casassus P, Jaubert J, Jardel H, Doyen C, Kolb B, Anglaret B, Grosbois B, Yakoub-Agha I, Mathiot C, Avet-Loiseau H; Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007 Oct 6;370(9594):1209-18. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2807%2961537-2/fulltext link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17920916 PubMed] content property of [http://hemonc.org HemOnc.org]
 
−
# Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Liberati AM, Caravita T, Falcone A, Callea V, Montanaro M, Ria R, Capaldi A, Zambello R, Benevolo G, Derudas D, Dore F, Cavallo F, Gay F, Falco P, Ciccone G, Musto P, Cavo M, Boccadoro M. Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood. 2008 Oct 15;112(8):3107-14. Epub 2008 May 27. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/112/8/3107.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505783 PubMed]
 
−
# Hulin C, Facon T, Rodon P, Pegourie B, Benboubker L, Doyen C, Dib M, Guillerm G, Salles B, Eschard JP, Lenain P, Casassus P, Azaïs I, Decaux O, Garderet L, Mathiot C, Fontan J, Lafon I, Virion JM, Moreau P. Efficacy of melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide in patients older than 75 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: IFM 01/01 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3664-70. Epub 2009 May 18. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/22/3664.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451428 PubMed]
 
−
# Wijermans P, Schaafsma M, Termorshuizen F, Ammerlaan R, Wittebol S, Sinnige H, Zweegman S, van Marwijk Kooy M, van der Griend R, Lokhorst H, Sonneveld P; Dutch-Belgium Cooperative Group HOVON. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 1;28(19):3160-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.1610. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/19/3160.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516439 PubMed]
 
  
−
==RD==
+
==[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846284/ Revised International Staging System (R-ISS)] - 2015==
−
RD: '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
  
−
===Regimen #1, Rajkumar, et al. 2010 & Gay, et al. 2010 - low-dose dexamethasone===
+
===Composed of four factors===
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
+
*Serum albumin level
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15, 22
+
*Serum beta-2 microglobulin level
 +
*Serum LDH
 +
*Chromosomal abnormalities detected by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
  
−
'''28-day cycles, either given x 4 cycles prior to transplant, or given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity'''
+
===Risk stratification===
−
 
+
*'''Low risk:''' ''5-year overall survival = 82%''
−
Supportive medications (as described in Rajkumar, et al. 2010):
+
**Beta-2 microglobulin less than 3.5 mg/l
−
*One of the following bisphosphonates:
+
**Albumin less than or equal to 3.5 g/dl
−
**Either [[Pamidronate (Aredia)]] 90 mg IV over 2-4 hours every 4 weeks
+
**LDH less than the upper limit of normal range
−
**Or [[Zoledronic acid (Zometa)]] 4 mg IV over 15 minutes every 4 weeks
+
**Absence of the following: del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16)
−
*Thromboprophylaxis required
+
*'''Intermediate risk:''' ''5-year overall survival = 62%''
−
 
+
**Not meeting low risk or high risk criteria
−
===Regimen #2, Rajkumar, et al. 2010===
+
*'''High risk: '''(if meets ANY of the criteria) ''5-year overall survival = 40%''
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
+
**Beta-2 microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 mg/l
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20
+
**LDH greater than the upper limit of normal range
−
 
+
**Any of the following: del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16)
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*EITHER [[Pamidronate (Aredia)]] 90 mg IV over 2-4 hours every 28 days
 
−
*OR [[Zoledronic acid (Zometa)]] 4 mg IV over 15 minutes every 28 days
 
−
*"Thromboprophylaxis" aspirin (80 mg or 325 mg per physician discretion) once daily as thrombosis prophylaxis.
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Rajkumar, et al. 2005===
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 of cycles 1-4; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycle 5 and thereafter
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin 80 mg or 325 mg (depending on physician choice) PO daily for thromboprophylaxis
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
−
# Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Geyer SM, Kabat B, Zeldenrust SR, Kumar S, Greipp PR, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Russell SJ, Kyle RA, Witzig TE, Gertz MA. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood. 2005 Dec 15;106(13):4050-3. Epub 2005 Aug 23. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/106/13/4050.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118317 PubMed]
+
# Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt H, Rosinol L, Richardson P, Caltagirone S, Lahuerta JJ, Facon T, Bringhen S, Gay F, Attal M, Passera R, Spencer A, Offidani M, Kumar S, Musto P, Lonial S, Petrucci MT, Orlowski RZ, Zamagni E, Morgan G, Dimopoulos MA, Durie BG, Anderson KC, Sonneveld P, San Miguel J, Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Moreau P. Revised International Staging System for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2863-9. Epub 2015 Aug 3. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.61.2267 link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846284/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26240224/ PubMed]
−
# Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, Fonseca R, Vesole DH, Williams ME, Abonour R, Siegel DS, Katz M, Greipp PR; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Jan;11(1):29-37. Epub 2009 Oct 21. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042271/?tool=pubmed link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233375 PubMed]
 
−
# Gay F, Rajkumar SV, Coleman M, Kumar S, Mark T, Dispenzieri A, Pearse R, Gertz MA, Leonard J, Lacy MQ, Chen-Kiang S, Roy V, Jayabalan DS, Lust JA, Witzig TE, Fonseca R, Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Stewart AK, Niesvizky R. Clarithromycin (Biaxin)-lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone (BiRd) versus lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2010 Sep;85(9):664-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.21777 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645430 PubMed]
 
  
−
==RVD (VDR)==
+
==Miscellaneous==
−
RVD: '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
+
# Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P, Charbonnel C, Garban F, Hulin C, Leyvraz S, Michallet M, Yakoub-Agha I, Garderet L, Marit G, Michaux L, Voillat L, Renaud M, Grosbois B, Guillerm G, Benboubker L, Monconduit M, Thieblemont C, Casassus P, Caillot D, Stoppa AM, Sotto JJ, Wetterwald M, Dumontet C, Fuzibet JG, Azais I, Dorvaux V, Zandecki M, Bataille R, Minvielle S, Harousseau JL, Facon T, Mathiot C. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3489-95. Epub 2007 Jan 5. [https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-08-040410 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17209057/ PubMed]
−
<br>VDR: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid
+
# Avet-Loiseau H, Hulin C, Campion L, Rodon P, Marit G, Attal M, Royer B, Dib M, Voillat L, Bouscary D, Caillot D, Wetterwald M, Pegourie B, Lepeu G, Corront B, Karlin L, Stoppa AM, Fuzibet JG, Delbrel X, Guilhot F, Kolb B, Decaux O, Lamy T, Garderet L, Allangba O, Lifermann F, Anglaret B, Moreau P, Harousseau JL, Facon T. Chromosomal abnormalities are major prognostic factors in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome experience. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 1;31(22):2806-9. Epub 2013 Jun 24. [https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.46.2598 link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718879/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23796999/ PubMed]
  
−
===Regimen #1, Richardson, et al. 2010===
+
=External links=
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-14
+
*[https://www.msmart.org/ Mayo Clinic mSMART (Stratification for Myeloma And Risk-adapted Therapy)]
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 20 mg PO on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12
 
  
−
'''21-day cycles x 4-8 cycles'''
+
=References=
 +
<references/>
 +
<section end=bottom />
  
−
Supportive medications:
+
[[Category:Null pages]]
−
*Aspirin 81 mg or 325 mg PO daily
 
−
*Antiviral therapy, such as Acyclovir (Zovirax) 400 mg PO daily
 
−
*Bisphosphonate
 
−
 
 
−
Patients who responded and tolerated therapy could proceed to maintenance therapy at previously tolerated dose with a different schedule:
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg (or previously tolerated dose) PO on days 1-14
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 (or previously tolerated dose) IV on days 1 & 8
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 20 mg (or previously tolerated dose) PO on days 1, 2, 8, 9
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Kumar, et al. 2012 - EVOLUTION===
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-14
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin 325 mg PO daily
 
−
**[[Warfarin (Coumadin)]] or [[Enoxaparin (Lovenox)]] could be used based on physician discretion
 
−
*PCP prophylaxis recommended
 
−
*[[Acyclovir (Zovirax)]] prophylaxis for Herpes zoster recommended
 
−
*Bisphosphonates could be used "as necessary"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Richardson PG, Weller E, Lonial S, Jakubowiak AJ, Jagannath S, Raje NS, Avigan DE, Xie W, Ghobrial IM, Schlossman RL, Mazumder A, Munshi NC, Vesole DH, Joyce R, Kaufman JL, Doss D, Warren DL, Lunde LE, Kaster S, Delaney C, Hideshima T, Mitsiades CS, Knight R, Esseltine DL, Anderson KC. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Aug 5;116(5):679-86. Epub 2010 Apr 12. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/116/5/679.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385792 PubMed]
 
−
# Kumar S, Flinn I, Richardson PG, Hari P, Callander N, Noga SJ, Stewart AK, Turturro F, Rifkin R, Wolf J, Estevam J, Mulligan G, Shi H, Webb IJ, Rajkumar SV. Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4375-82. Epub 2012 Mar 15. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/19/4375.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422823 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==RVDC (VDCR)==
 
−
RVDC: '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone, '''<u>C</u>'''yclophosphamide
 
−
<br>VDCR: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone, '''<u>C</u>'''yclophosphamide, '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen - EVOLUTION===
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-14
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15
 
−
*[[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 500 mg/m2 IV on days 1 & 8
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin 325 mg PO daily
 
−
**[[Warfarin (Coumadin)]] or [[Enoxaparin (Lovenox)]] could be used based on physician discretion
 
−
*PCP prophylaxis recommended
 
−
*[[Acyclovir (Zovirax)]] prophylaxis for Herpes zoster recommended
 
−
*Bisphosphonates could be used "as necessary"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Kumar S, Flinn I, Richardson PG, Hari P, Callander N, Noga SJ, Stewart AK, Turturro F, Rifkin R, Wolf J, Estevam J, Mulligan G, Shi H, Webb IJ, Rajkumar SV. Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4375-82. Epub 2012 Mar 15. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/19/4375.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422823 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==TD==
 
−
TD: '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
[[Levels of Evidence]]:
 
−
 
 
−
'''2012:'''
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Phase III</span>
 
−
<span title="PETHEMA/GEM: Median PFS 56.2 mo. (VTD) vs. 28.2 mo. (TD)
 
−
&#10;GIMEMA: 3-year PFS 60% (VTD) vs. 48%  (TD)"
 
−
style="background:#ff0000;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Decreased PFS</span>
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Decreased toxicity</span>
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Rajkumar, et al. 2008===
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 100 mg PO on days 15-28 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-28 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 during cycles 1-4; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycle 5 and thereafter
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Rajkumar, et al. 2002 & Rajkumar, et al. 2006===
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 200 mg PO on days 1-28
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 on odd-numbered cycles; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of even-numbered cycles
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Cavo, et al. 2010 & Cavo, et al. 2012 - GIMEMA===
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 15-21 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-21 of cycles 2 & 3
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 3 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until count recovery, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles for 3-6 months, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until 3 months after second transplant, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 20-23
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 2 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles until progression, relapse, or undue toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Acyclovir prophylaxis recommended
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #4, Rosiñol, et al. 2012===
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 100 mg PO on days 15-28 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-28 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 6 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
*Supportive Medications: LMWH or aspirin recommended.  No other specific recommendations.
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):16-9. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/21/1/16.full link to original article] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506164 PubMed]
 
−
# Rajkumar SV, Hayman S, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Greipp PR, Geyer S, Iturria N, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Kyle RA, Witzig TE. Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Nov 1;20(21):4319-23. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/20/21/4319.long link to original article] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409330 PubMed]
 
−
# Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, Fonseca R, Greipp PR; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24(3):431-6. Epub 2005 Dec 19. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/3/431.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365178 PubMed]
 
−
# Rajkumar SV, Rosiñol L, Hussein M, Catalano J, Jedrzejczak W, Lucy L, Olesnyckyj M, Yu Z, Knight R, Zeldis JB, Bladé J. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 1;26(13):2171-7. Epub 2008 Mar 24. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/13/2171.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362366 PubMed]
 
−
# Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, Patriarca F, Zamagni E, Donnarumma D, Crippa C, Boccadoro M, Perrone G, Falcone A, Nozzoli C, Zambello R, Masini L, Furlan A, Brioli A, Derudas D, Ballanti S, Dessanti ML, De Stefano V, Carella AM, Marcatti M, Nozza A, Ferrara F, Callea V, Califano C, Pezzi A, Baraldi A, Grasso M, Musto P, Palumbo A; GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto) Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):9-19. Epub 2012 Apr 12. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/1/9.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498745 PubMed]
 
−
# Rosiñol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, Hernández D, López-Jiménez J, de la Rubia J, Granell M, Besalduch J, Palomera L, González Y, Etxebeste MA, Díaz-Mediavilla J, Hernández MT, de Arriba F, Gutiérrez NC, Martín-Ramos ML, Cibeira MT, Mateos MV, Martínez J, Alegre A, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel J, Bladé J; Programa para el Estudio y la Terapéutica de las Hemopatías Malignas/Grupo Español de Mieloma (PETHEMA/GEM) group. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012 Aug 3;120(8):1589-96. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/8/1589.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791289 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VAD (Velcade); PAD==
 
−
VAD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>A</u>'''driamycin, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
<br>PAD: '''<u>P</u>'''S-341, '''<u>A</u>'''driamycin, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Broyl, et al. 2010 & Sonneveld, et al. 2012 - HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4===
 
−
====Induction therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2 IV on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 3 cycles'''; stem cells collected 4-6 weeks after induction therapy
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications (described in the appendix of Sonneveld, et al. 2012):
 
−
*One of the following bisphosphonates recommended:
 
−
**[[Pamidronate (Aredia)]] 90 mg IV every 4-6 weeks x at least 2 years
 
−
**[[Zoledronic acid (Zometa)]] 4 mg IV every 4-6 weeks x at least 2 years
 
−
**[[Ibandronate (Bondronat)]] 6 mg IV every 4-6 weeks x at least 2 years
 
−
*"Prophylactic antibiotics" (no further specifics) during induction therapy
 
−
*Erythropoietin and pain medications at physician discretion
 
−
*One of the following for Herpes zoster prophylaxis throughout bortezomib induction:
 
−
**Acyclovir (Zovirax) 800 mg PO per day (did not specify whether taken once per day or as a divided twice per day dose)
 
−
**Valacyclovir (Valtrex) 1000 mg PO per day (did not specify whether taken once per day or as a divided twice per day dose)
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Oakervee, et al. 2005===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 4.5-9 mg/m2 IV on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 8-11, 15-18 of cycle 1; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 2-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Oakervee HE, Popat R, Curry N, Smith P, Morris C, Drake M, Agrawal S, Stec J, Schenkein D, Esseltine DL, Cavenagh JD. PAD combination therapy (PS-341/bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) for previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2005 Jun;129(6):755-62. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05519.x/full link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15953001 PubMed]
 
−
# Broyl A, Corthals SL, Jongen JL, van der Holt B, Kuiper R, de Knegt Y, van Duin M, el Jarari L, Bertsch U, Lokhorst HM, Durie BG, Goldschmidt H, Sonneveld P. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib and vincristine in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a prospective analysis of data from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1057-65. Epub 2010 Sep 21. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2810%2970206-0/fulltext link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864405 PubMed]
 
−
# Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, El Jarari L, Bertsch U, Salwender H, Zweegman S, Vellenga E, Broyl A, Blau IW, Weisel KC, Wittebol S, Bos GM, Stevens-Kroef M, Scheid C, Pfreundschuh M, Hose D, Jauch A, van der Velde H, Raymakers R, Schaafsma MR, Kersten MJ, van Marwijk-Kooy M, Duehrsen U, Lindemann W, Wijermans PW, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt HM. Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON-65/ GMMG-HD4 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug 20;30(24):2946-55. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.6820. Epub 2012 Jul 16. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/24/2946.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22802322 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VAD (Vincristine)==
 
−
VAD: '''<u>Vi</u>'''ncristine, '''<u>A</u>'''driamycin, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Segeren, et al. 1999===
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 0.4 mg IV over 30 minutes on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 of odd-numbered cycles only
 
−
 
 
−
'''4-week cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Fluconazole (Diflucan) 200 mg PO daily
 
−
*Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 960 mg (paper did not specify which component was 960 mg) PO BID for "prophylaxis"
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Dimopoulos, et al. 2003===
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 0.4 mg IV over 30 minutes on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4; in cycles 1 & 3, [[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO is also given on days 9-12, 17-20
 
−
 
 
−
'''4-week cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications (which were in the cited Segeren, et al. 1999 reference):
 
−
*Fluconazole (Diflucan) 200 mg PO daily
 
−
*Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 960 mg (paper did not specify which component was 960 mg) PO BID for "prophylaxis"
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Berenson, et al. 2002 - prednisone maintenance===
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 0.4 mg/day IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 50 mg PO on days 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x at least 6 months or until at least 25% regression of disease'''
 
−
 
 
−
Patients with at least 50% regression in 6 months or 25% regression in 9-12 months of therapy were then started on maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 50 mg PO every other day
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #4, Harousseau, et al. 2010===
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 0.4 mg/day (total dose per cycle: 1.6 mg) IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2/day (total dose per cycle: 36 mg/m2) IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 of cycles 1 & 2; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 3 and thereafter
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Pamidronate (Aredia)]] 90 mg or [[Zoledronic acid (Zometa)]] 4 mg IV every 28 days until first transplant
 
−
*"Antibiotics, antifungal agents, and antiviral prophylaxis in accordance with local practice."
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #5, Rifkin, et al. 2006===
 
−
*[[Vincristine (Oncovin)]] 0.4 mg/day (total dose per cycle: 1.6 mg) IV continuous infusion over 96 hours on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)]] 9 mg/m2/day (total dose per cycle: 36 mg/m2) IV continuous infusion over 96 hours on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Segeren CM, Sonneveld P, van der Holt B, Baars JW, Biesma DH, Cornellissen JJ, Croockewit AJ, Dekker AW, Fibbe WE, Löwenberg B, van Marwijk Kooy M, van Oers MH, Richel DJ, Schouten HC, Vellenga E, Verhoef GE, Wijermans PW, Wittebol S, Lokhorst HM. Vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) administered as rapid intravenous infusion for first-line treatment in untreated multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 1999 Apr;105(1):127-30. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1999.01279.x/full link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233375 PubMed]
 
−
# Berenson JR, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, Zangmeister J, Briggs AD, Mills GM, Barlogie B, Salmon SE. Maintenance therapy with alternate-day prednisone improves survival in multiple myeloma patients. Blood. 2002 May 1;99(9):3163-8. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/99/9/3163.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964279 PubMed]
 
−
# Dimopoulos MA, Pouli A, Zervas K, Grigoraki V, Symeonidis A, Repoussis P, Mitsouli C, Papanastasiou C, Margaritis D, Tokmaktsis A, Katodritou I, Kokkini G, Terpos E, Vyniou N, Tzilianos M, Chatzivassili A, Kyrtsonis MC, Panayiotidis P, Maniatis A; Greek Myeloma Study Group. Prospective randomized comparison of vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) administered as intravenous bolus injection and VAD with liposomal doxorubicin as first-line treatment in multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol. 2003 Jul;14(7):1039-44. [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/7/1039.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853344 PubMed]
 
−
# Rifkin RM, Gregory SA, Mohrbacher A, Hussein MA. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone provide significant reduction in toxicity compared with doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a Phase III multicenter randomized trial. Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;106(4):848-58. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21662/full link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16404741 PubMed]
 
−
# Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, Marit G, Caillot D, Mohty M, Lenain P, Hulin C, Facon T, Casassus P, Michallet M, Maisonneuve H, Benboubker L, Maloisel F, Petillon MO, Webb I, Mathiot C, Moreau P. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4621-9. Epub 2010 Sep 7. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/30/4621.long link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823406 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VD (Velcade)==
 
−
VD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen, Harousseau, et al. 2010 - IFM 2005-01===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12 of cycles 1 & 2; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 3 & 4
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*One of the following bisphosphonates recommended:
 
−
**[[Pamidronate (Aredia)]] 90 mg IV every 4 weeks until first transplant
 
−
**[[Zoledronic acid (Zometa)]] 4 mg IV every 4 weeks until first transplant
 
−
*"Antibiotics, antifungal agents, and antiviral prophylaxis in accordance with local practice."
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, Marit G, Caillot D, Mohty M, Lenain P, Hulin C, Facon T, Casassus P, Michallet M, Maisonneuve H, Benboubker L, Maloisel F, Petillon MO, Webb I, Mathiot C, Moreau P. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4621-9. Epub 2010 Sep 7. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/30/4621.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823406 PubMed]
 
−
# Avet-Loiseau H, Leleu X, Roussel M, Moreau P, Guerin-Charbonnel C, Caillot D, Marit G, Benboubker L, Voillat L, Mathiot C, Kolb B, Macro M, Campion L, Wetterwald M, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Facon T, Attal M, Minvielle S, Harousseau JL. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone induction improves outcome of patients with t(4;14) myeloma but not outcome of patients with del(17p). J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4630-4. Epub 2010 Jul 19. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/30/4630.long link to original article] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20644101 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VDD; PAD==
 
−
VDD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''oxil, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
<br>PAD: '''<u>P</u>'''S-341, liposomal '''<u>A</u>'''driamycin, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Jakubowiak, et al. 2009 & Dytfeld, et al. 2011===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)]] 30 mg/m2 IV on day 4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 of cycle 1; 20 mg PO on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 of cycles 2-6
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 6 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Low-molecular weight heparin 40 mg SC daily or [[Aspirin]] 81 mg PO daily for DVT prophylaxis
 
−
*Acyclovir (Zovirax) 400 mg PO BID for Herpes zoster prophylaxis
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Palumbo, et al. 2010===
 
−
====Induction therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)]] 30 mg/m2 IV on day 4
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 8-11, 15-18 of cycle 1; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycles 2-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 4 cycles, THEN'''
 
−
 
 
−
====Stem cell mobilization & reinfusion====
 
−
''Paper did not describe the full details''
 
−
*Stem cell mobilization with [[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 3000 mg/m2 and [[Filgrastim (Neupogen) | G-CSF]] 10 mcg/kg
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 100 mg/m2, given twice, then followed by stem-cell reinfusion
 
−
 
 
−
====Consolidation====
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 50 mg PO every other day
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 4 cycles, THEN'''
 
−
 
 
−
====Maintenance====
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles, given until relapsed disease'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Aspirin]] 100mg PO daily during lenalidomide treatment
 
−
*Acyclovir (Zovirax) recommended during bortezomib therapy
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Jakubowiak AJ, Kendall T, Al-Zoubi A, Khaled Y, Mineishi S, Ahmed A, Campagnaro E, Brozo C, Braun T, Talpaz M, Kaminski MS. Phase II trial of combination therapy with bortezomib, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 20;27(30):5015-22. Epub 2009 Sep 8. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/30/5015.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738129 PubMed]
 
−
# Palumbo A, Gay F, Falco P, Crippa C, Montefusco V, Patriarca F, Rossini F, Caltagirone S, Benevolo G, Pescosta N, Guglielmelli T, Bringhen S, Offidani M, Giuliani N, Petrucci MT, Musto P, Liberati AM, Rossi G, Corradini P, Boccadoro M. Bortezomib as induction before autologous transplantation, followed by lenalidomide as consolidation-maintenance in untreated multiple myeloma patients. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 10;28(5):800-7. Epub 2010 Jan 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010 May 1;28(13):2314. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/5/800.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048187 PubMed]
 
−
# Dytfeld D, Griffith KA, Friedman J, Lebovic D, Harvey C, Kaminski MS, Jakubowiak AJ. Superior overall survival of patients with myeloma achieving very good partial response or better to initial treatment with bortezomib, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, predicted after two cycles by a free light chain- and M-protein-based model: extended follow-up of a phase II trial. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011 Jul;52(7):1271-80. [http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10428194.2011.567316 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699382 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VMP==
 
−
VMP: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, San Miguel, et al. 2008 & Bringhen, et al. 2010===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, 32 of cycles 1-4; 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 8, 22, 29 of cycles 5-9
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 9 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medication:
 
−
*Bisphosphonate given to patients with myeloma-associated bone disease unless contraindicated (only mentioned in San Miguel, et al., 2008)
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Bringhen, et al. 2010 - weekly bortezomib===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 9 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Gasparetto, et al. 2010 - "Short-course" bortezomib===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 6 mg/m2 PO on days 1-7, given at least 1 hour prior to bortezomib
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-7
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x up to 6 cycles'''; treatment could be given beyond 6 cycles at investigator discretion
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Bisphosphonates and acyclovir recommended
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #4, Mateos, et al. 2010===
 
−
====Induction therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, 32 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycle x 1 cycle, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 5 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
====Maintenance therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*Only one of the following:
 
−
**EITHER [[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 50 mg PO every other day
 
−
**OR [[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO daily
 
−
 
 
−
'''3-month cycles x up to 3 years'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*"Patients with bone disease received bisphosphonates, and prophylactic aciclovir was recommended."
 
−
*Patients receiving thalidomide needed to have thromboprophylaxis with either aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, Dimopoulos MA, Shpilberg O, Kropff M, Spicka I, Petrucci MT, Palumbo A, Samoilova OS, Dmoszynska A, Abdulkadyrov KM, Schots R, Jiang B, Mateos MV, Anderson KC, Esseltine DL, Liu K, Cakana A, van de Velde H, Richardson PG; VISTA Trial Investigators. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 28;359(9):906-17. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0801479 link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753647 PubMed]
 
−
# Gasparetto C, Gockerman JP, Diehl LF, de Castro CM, Moore JO, Long GD, Horwitz ME, Keogh G, Chute JP, Sullivan KM, Neuwirth R, Davis PH, Sutton LM, Anderson RD, Chao NJ, Rizzieri D. "Short course" bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone as induction prior to transplant or as frontline therapy for nontransplant candidates in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010 Jan;16(1):70-7. Epub 2009 Sep 3. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S108387910900398X link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733251 PubMed]
 
−
# Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martínez-López J, Gutiérrez N, Teruel AI, de Paz R, García-Laraña J, Bengoechea E, Martín A, Mediavilla JD, Palomera L, de Arriba F, González Y, Hernández JM, Sureda A, Bello JL, Bargay J, Peñalver FJ, Ribera JM, Martín-Mateos ML, García-Sanz R, Cibeira MT, Ramos ML, Vidriales MB, Paiva B, Montalbán MA, Lahuerta JJ, Bladé J, Miguel JF. Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and prednisone as induction therapy followed by maintenance treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide versus bortezomib and prednisone in elderly patients with untreated multiple myeloma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10):934-41. Epub 2010 Aug 23. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147020451070187X link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739218 PubMed]
 
−
# Bringhen S, Larocca A, Rossi D, Cavalli M, Genuardi M, Ria R, Gentili S, Patriarca F, Nozzoli C, Levi A, Guglielmelli T, Benevolo G, Callea V, Rizzo V, Cangialosi C, Musto P, De Rosa L, Liberati AM, Grasso M, Falcone AP, Evangelista A, Cavo M, Gaidano G, Boccadoro M, Palumbo A. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly bortezomib in multiple myeloma patients. Blood. 2010 Dec 2;116(23):4745-53. Epub 2010 Aug 31. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/116/23/4745.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807892 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VTD==
 
−
VTD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade (bortezomib), '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
[[Levels of Evidence]]:
 
−
 
 
−
'''2012:'''
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Phase III</span>
 
−
<span title="PETHEMA/GEM: Median PFS 56.2 mo. (VTD) vs. 28.2 mo. (TD)
 
−
&#10;GIMEMA: 3-year PFS 60% (VTD) vs. 48%  (TD)"
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Improved PFS</span>
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#ff0000;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Increased toxicity</span>
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Cavo, et al. 2010 & Cavo, et al. 2012 - GIMEMA===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 15-21 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-21 of cycles 2 & 3
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 3 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until count recovery, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles for 3-6 months, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until 3 months after second transplant, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 2 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles until progression, relapse, or undue toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Acyclovir prophylaxis recommended
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Kaufman, et al. 2010===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 3-4 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Aspirin prophylaxis to decrease risk of DVTs
 
−
*Prophylactic "treatment with antiviral and antibiotic medications"
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Rosiñol, et al. 2012 - PETHEMA/GEM===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 100 mg PO on days 15-28 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-28 of cycle 2 and thereafter
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 6 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
*Supportive Medications: LMWH or aspirin recommended.  No other specific recommendations.
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Kaufman JL, Nooka A, Vrana M, Gleason C, Heffner LT, Lonial S. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma: a retrospective study. Cancer. 2010 Jul 1;116(13):3143-51. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.25143/full link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564642 PubMed]
 
−
# Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, Petrucci MT, Pantani L, Galli M, Di Raimondo F, Crippa C, Zamagni E, Palumbo A, Offidani M, Corradini P, Narni F, Spadano A, Pescosta N, Deliliers GL, Ledda A, Cellini C, Caravita T, Tosi P, Baccarani M; GIMEMA Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010 Dec 18;376(9758):2075-85. Epub 2010 Dec 9. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961424-9/fulltext link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146205 PubMed]
 
−
# Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, Patriarca F, Zamagni E, Donnarumma D, Crippa C, Boccadoro M, Perrone G, Falcone A, Nozzoli C, Zambello R, Masini L, Furlan A, Brioli A, Derudas D, Ballanti S, Dessanti ML, De Stefano V, Carella AM, Marcatti M, Nozza A, Ferrara F, Callea V, Califano C, Pezzi A, Baraldi A, Grasso M, Musto P, Palumbo A; GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto) Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):9-19. Epub 2012 Apr 12. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/1/9.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498745 PubMed]
 
−
# Rosiñol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, Hernández D, López-Jiménez J, de la Rubia J, Granell M, Besalduch J, Palomera L, González Y, Etxebeste MA, Díaz-Mediavilla J, Hernández MT, de Arriba F, Gutiérrez NC, Martín-Ramos ML, Cibeira MT, Mateos MV, Martínez J, Alegre A, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel J, Bladé J; Programa para el Estudio y la Terapéutica de las Hemopatías Malignas/Grupo Español de Mieloma (PETHEMA/GEM) group. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012 Aug 3;120(8):1589-96. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/8/1589.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791289 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VTP==
 
−
VTP: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade (bortezomib), '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
====Induction therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, 32 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-15, then 100 mg PO on days 16-42
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycle x 1 cycle, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 5 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
====Maintenance therapy====
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*Only one of the following:
 
−
**EITHER [[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 50 mg PO every other day
 
−
**OR [[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO daily
 
−
 
 
−
'''3-month cycles x up to 3 years'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*"Patients with bone disease received bisphosphonates, and prophylactic aciclovir was recommended."
 
−
*Patients receiving thalidomide needed to have thromboprophylaxis with either aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martínez-López J, Gutiérrez N, Teruel AI, de Paz R, García-Laraña J, Bengoechea E, Martín A, Mediavilla JD, Palomera L, de Arriba F, González Y, Hernández JM, Sureda A, Bello JL, Bargay J, Peñalver FJ, Ribera JM, Martín-Mateos ML, García-Sanz R, Cibeira MT, Ramos ML, Vidriales MB, Paiva B, Montalbán MA, Lahuerta JJ, Bladé J, Miguel JF. Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and prednisone as induction therapy followed by maintenance treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide versus bortezomib and prednisone in elderly patients with untreated multiple myeloma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10):934-41. Epub 2010 Aug 23. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147020451070187X link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739218 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
=Post-transplant maintenance/consolidation=
 
−
==Lenalidomide (Revlimid) consolidation & maintenance after transplant==
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
====Consolidation====
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x 2 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
====Maintenance therapy====
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO daily x 3 months, then increased to 15 mg PO daily if tolerated
 
−
 
 
−
'''given until progression of disease, unacceptable toxicity, or patient choice'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*"Thromboprophylaxis was not used"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, Caillot D, Moreau P, Facon T, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Garderet L, Decaux O, Leyvraz S, Vekemans MC, Voillat L, Michallet M, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Roussel M, Leleu X, Mathiot C, Payen C, Avet-Loiseau H, Harousseau JL; IFM Investigators. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1782-91. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114138 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571202 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==Thalidomide (Thalomid) maintenance after transplant==
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily x 6 months, starting 3 months after autologous stem cell transplant
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Abdelkefi A, Ladeb S, Torjman L, Othman TB, Lakhal A, Romdhane NB, Omri HE, Elloumi M, Belaaj H, Jeddi R, Aissaouï L, Ksouri H, Hassen AB, Msadek F, Saad A, Hsaïri M, Boukef K, Amouri A, Louzir H, Dellagi K, Abdeladhim AB; Tunisian Multiple Myeloma Study Group. Single autologous stem-cell transplantation followed by maintenance therapy with thalidomide is superior to double autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1805-10. Epub 2007 Sep 17. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/111/4/1805.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17875806 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VTD==
 
−
VTD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade (bortezomib), '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
[[Levels of Evidence]]:
 
−
 
 
−
'''2012:'''
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Phase III</span>
 
−
<span title="3-year PFS 60% (VTD) vs. 48%  (TD)"
 
−
style="background:#00CD00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Improved PFS</span>
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#ff0000;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Increased toxicity</span>
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen - GIMEMA===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO on days 1-14 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 15-21 of cycle 1; 200 mg PO on days 1-21 of cycles 2 & 3
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 3 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until count recovery, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles for 3-6 months, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 200 mg/m2 on day -2
 
−
*Autologous stem cell rescue
 
−
 
 
−
'''Wait until 3 months after second transplant, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 100 mg PO daily
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 2 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles until progression, relapse, or undue toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Acyclovir prophylaxis recommended
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, Petrucci MT, Pantani L, Galli M, Di Raimondo F, Crippa C, Zamagni E, Palumbo A, Offidani M, Corradini P, Narni F, Spadano A, Pescosta N, Deliliers GL, Ledda A, Cellini C, Caravita T, Tosi P, Baccarani M; GIMEMA Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010 Dec 18;376(9758):2075-85. Epub 2010 Dec 9. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961424-9/fulltext link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146205 PubMed]
 
−
# Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, Patriarca F, Zamagni E, Donnarumma D, Crippa C, Boccadoro M, Perrone G, Falcone A, Nozzoli C, Zambello R, Masini L, Furlan A, Brioli A, Derudas D, Ballanti S, Dessanti ML, De Stefano V, Carella AM, Marcatti M, Nozza A, Ferrara F, Callea V, Califano C, Pezzi A, Baraldi A, Grasso M, Musto P, Palumbo A; GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto) Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):9-19. Epub 2012 Apr 12. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/1/9.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498745 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
=Relapsed/refractory=
 
−
==Bortezomib (Velcade)==
 
−
===Regimen #1, Richardson, et al. 2003, Richardson, et al. 2005, Richardson, et al. 2007 - APEX===
 
−
''Richardson, et al. 2003 only described the first 8 cycles of treatment''
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8 cycles, THEN'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 3 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications (described in Richardson, et al. 2005):
 
−
*Bisphosphonate IV therapy every 3-4 weeks unless contraindicated
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Moreau, et al. 2011 - Subcutaneous vs. intravenous Bortezomib (Velcade) +/- Dexamethasone===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 SC/IV on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
**Subcutaneous injections are 2.5 mg/mL (3.5 mg bortezomib reconstituted in 1.4 mL NS)
 
−
**SC injections are in the thighs or abdomen, with injection sites rotated between proximal/distal right/left thigh and upper/lower right/left abdominal quadrants
 
−
**IV injections are 1 mg/mL (3.5 mg bortezomib reconstituted in 3.5 mL NS), given IV push over 3-5 seconds
 
−
*Patients with suboptimal response after cycle 4 (less than complete response (CR), without disease progression) could also receive, in addition to bortezomib: [[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 20 mg PO on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12
 
−
 
 
−
'''21-day cycles x 8-10 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Bisphosphonates "according to established guidelines"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, Singhal S, Jagannath S, Irwin D, Rajkumar SV, Srkalovic G, Alsina M, Alexanian R, Siegel D, Orlowski RZ, Kuter D, Limentani SA, Lee S, Hideshima T, Esseltine DL, Kauffman M, Adams J, Schenkein DP, Anderson KC. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2609-17. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa030288 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12826635 PubMed]
 
−
# Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, Irwin D, Stadtmauer EA, Facon T, Harousseau JL, Ben-Yehuda D, Lonial S, Goldschmidt H, Reece D, San-Miguel JF, Bladé J, Boccadoro M, Cavenagh J, Dalton WS, Boral AL, Esseltine DL, Porter JB, Schenkein D, Anderson KC; Assessment of Proteasome Inhibition for Extending Remissions (APEX) Investigators. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2487-98. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043445 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15958804 PubMed]
 
−
# Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster M, Irwin D, Stadtmauer E, Facon T, Harousseau JL, Ben-Yehuda D, Lonial S, Goldschmidt H, Reece D, Miguel JS, Bladé J, Boccadoro M, Cavenagh J, Alsina M, Rajkumar SV, Lacy M, Jakubowiak A, Dalton W, Boral A, Esseltine DL, Schenkein D, Anderson KC. Extended follow-up of a phase 3 trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: final time-to-event results of the APEX trial. Blood. 2007 Nov 15;110(10):3557-60. Epub 2007 Aug 9. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/110/10/3557.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690257 PubMed]
 
−
# Moreau P, Pylypenko H, Grosicki S, Karamanesht I, Leleu X, Grishunina M, Rekhtman G, Masliak Z, Robak T, Shubina A, Arnulf B, Kropff M, Cavet J, Esseltine DL, Feng H, Girgis S, van de Velde H, Deraedt W, Harousseau JL. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 May;12(5):431-40. Epub 2011 Apr 18. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(11)70081-X/fulltext link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21507715 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==Bortezomib (Velcade) & Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)==
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 8, 11
 
−
*[[Doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)]] 30 mg/m2 IV over at least 1 hour on day 4 (given after bortezomib)
 
−
 
−
'''21-day cycles x up to 8 cycles, until progression of disease, or unacceptable toxicity'''; treatment could be continued beyond 8 cycles if it was tolerated
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*"Bisphosphonates were used according to established guidelines"
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, Bladé J, Hajek R, Spencer A, San Miguel J, Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Horvath N, Spicka I, Sutherland HJ, Suvorov AN, Zhuang SH, Parekh T, Xiu L, Yuan Z, Rackoff W, Harousseau JL. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 1;25(25):3892-901. Epub 2007 Aug 6. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/3892.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679727 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==BLD==
 
−
BLD: '''<u>B</u>'''endamustine, '''<u>L</u>'''enalidomide, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
Level of Evidence: '''2012'''
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#EEEE00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Phase II</span>
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
''This study involved dose escalation.  Dosages listed are the determined maximally tolerated doses (MTD).''
 
−
*[[Bendamustine (Treanda)]] 75 mg/m2 IV on days 1 & 2
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 10 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg (no route specified) weekly
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles x up to 8 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Aspirin]] 325 mg PO daily
 
−
*"Gastroprotectant" (H2-blocker or PPI)
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Lentzsch S, O'Sullivan A, Kennedy RC, Abbas M, Dai L, Pregja SL, Burt S, Boyiadzis M, Roodman GD, Mapara MY, Agha M, Waas J, Shuai Y, Normolle D, Zonder JA. Combination of bendamustine, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (BLD) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma is feasible and highly effective: results of phase 1/2 open-label, dose escalation study. Blood. 2012 May 17;119(20):4608-13. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395715. Epub 2012 Mar 26. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/20/4608.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451423 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==Carfilzomib (Kyprolis)==
 
−
 
 
−
Level of Evidence: '''2012'''
 
−
<span
 
−
style="background:#EEEE00;
 
−
padding:3px 6px 3px 6px;
 
−
border-color:black;
 
−
border-width:2px;
 
−
border-style:solid;">Phase II</span>
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
*[[Carfilzomib (Kyprolis)]] 20 mg/m2 (body surface area capped at 2.2 m2) IV over 2-10 minutes on days 1-2, 8-9, 15-16 of cycle 1; then on subsequent cycles, [[Carfilzomib (Kyprolis)]] 27 mg/m2 (body surface area capped at 2.2 m2) IV over 2-10 minutes on days 1-2, 8-9, 15-16
 
−
**Note: Neither Vij, et al. 2012 nor Siegel, et al. 2012 specify that carfilzomib is capped at a body surface area of 2.2 m2, but the [[Carfilzomib (Kyprolis)]] package insert specifies that: "The dose is calculated using the patient’s actual body surface area at baseline. Patients with a body surface area greater than 2.2 m2 should receive a dose based upon a body surface area of 2.2 m2. Dose adjustments do not need to be made for weight changes of less than or equal to 20%."
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-week cycles x up to 12 cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 4 mg PO/IV before all doses in cycle 1 (Vij, et al. 2012 also administered one dose of dexamethasone 4 mg before the first increased dose of carfilzomib 27 mg/m2).  Restart dexamethasone premedication if patients experience infusion reactions: "fever, chills, arthralgia, myalgia, facial flushing, facial edema, vomiting, weakness, shortness of breath, hypotension, syncope, chest tightness, or angina."
 
−
*"All patients were to receive oral and intravenous fluids before dosing to assure adequate hydration."
 
−
 
 
−
Dose Adjustments:
 
−
*"Carfilzomib was withheld for grade 3 or 4 hematologic or nonhematologic toxicities and resumed at reduced doses of 15 mg/m2 in cycle 1 or 20 mg/m2 in cycle 2 and above on resolution."
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Vij R, Wang M, Kaufman JL, Lonial S, Jakubowiak AJ, Stewart AK, Kukreti V, Jagannath S, McDonagh KT, Alsina M, Bahlis NJ, Reu FJ, Gabrail NY, Belch A, Matous JV, Lee P, Rosen P, Sebag M, Vesole DH, Kunkel LA, Wear SM, Wong AF, Orlowski RZ, Siegel DS. An open-label, single-arm, phase 2 (PX-171-004) study of single-agent carfilzomib in bortezomib-naive patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jun 14;119(24):5661-70. Epub 2012 May 3. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/24/5661.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555973 PubMed]
 
−
# Siegel DS, Martin T, Wang M, Vij R, Jakubowiak AJ, Lonial S, Trudel S, Kukreti V, Bahlis N, Alsina M, Chanan-Khan A, Buadi F, Reu FJ, Somlo G, Zonder J, Song K, Stewart AK, Stadtmauer E, Kunkel L, Wear S, Wong AF, Orlowski RZ, Jagannath S. A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Oct 4;120(14):2817-25. Epub 2012 Jul 25. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/14/2817.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833546 PubMed] '''Pivotal trial for accelerated FDA approval'''
 
−
# [http://kyprolis.com/Content/pdf/PrescribingInformation.pdf Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) package insert]
 
−
 
 
−
==DCEP==
 
−
DCEP: '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone, '''<u>C</u>'''yclophosphamide, '''<u>E</u>'''toposide, '''<u>P</u>'''latinol
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen===
 
−
''These limited details are based on the abstract's description only.  Full article was not available for review.''
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg IV bolus on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)]] 400 mg/m2/day (total dose per cycle: 1600 mg/m2) IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Etoposide (Vepesid)]] 40 mg/m2/day (total dose per cycle: 160 mg/m2) IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Cisplatin (Platinol)]] 15 mg/m2/day (total dose per cycle: 60 mg/m2) IV continuous infusion on days 1-4
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*[[Filgrastim (Neupogen) | G-CSF]] SC daily, starting on day 5, to continue until neutrophil recovery
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Dadacaridou M, Papanicolaou X, Maltesas D, Megalakaki C, Patos P, Panteli K, Repousis P, Mitsouli-Mentzikof C. Dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide and cisplatin (DCEP) for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients. J BUON. 2007 Jan-Mar;12(1):41-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17436400 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==PD==
 
−
PD: '''<u>P</u>'''omalidomide, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen - IFM 2009-02===
 
−
*[[Pomalidomide (Pomalyst)]] 4 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO once per week (e.g. on days 1, 8, 15, 22)
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles''', given until disease progression
 
−
 
 
−
Supportive medications:
 
−
*Thromboprophylaxis "at the physician's discretion"
 
−
*[[Filgrastim (Neupogen) | G-CSF]] allowed beginning with cycle 2 and on
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Leleu X, Attal M, Arnulf B, Moreau P, Traulle C, Marit G, Mathiot C, Petillon MO, Macro M, Roussel M, Pegourie B, Kolb B, Stoppa AM, Hennache B, Bréchignac S, Meuleman N, Thielemans B, Garderet L, Royer B, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Decaux O, Escoffre-Barbe M, Michallet M, Caillot D, Fermand JP, Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T. Pomalidomide plus low dose dexamethasone is active and well tolerated in bortezomib and lenalidomide refractory multiple myeloma: IFM 2009-02. Blood. 2013 Jan 14. [Epub ahead of print] [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/early/2013/01/14/blood-2012-09-452375.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319574 PubMed]
 
−
# [http://www.pomalyst.com/docs/prescribing_information.pdf Pomalidomide (Pomalyst) package insert]
 
−
 
 
−
==RD==
 
−
RD: '''<u>R</u>'''evlimid, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen, Dimopoulos, et al. 2007; Weber, et al. 2007===
 
−
*[[Lenalidomide (Revlimid)]] 25 mg PO on days 1-21
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 40 mg PO on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20 of cycles 1-4; 40 mg PO on days 1-4 of cycle 5 and thereafter
 
−
 
 
−
'''28-day cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, Prince HM, Harousseau JL, Dmoszynska A, San Miguel J, Hellmann A, Facon T, Foà R, Corso A, Masliak Z, Olesnyckyj M, Yu Z, Patin J, Zeldis JB, Knight RD; Multiple Myeloma (010) Study Investigators. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2123-32. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070594 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032762 PubMed]
 
−
# Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, Wang M, Belch A, Stadtmauer EA, Siegel D, Borrello I, Rajkumar SV, Chanan-Khan AA, Lonial S, Yu Z, Patin J, Olesnyckyj M, Zeldis JB, Knight RD; Multiple Myeloma (009) Study Investigators. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2133-42. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070596 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032763 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
−
==VD==
 
−
VD: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>D</u>'''examethasone
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen, Fukushima, et al. 2011 - weekly bortezomib===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Dexamethasone (Decadron)]] 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles, to be continued until complete response, progression of disease, or severe adverse events'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Fukushima T, Nakamura T, Iwao H, Nakajima A, Miki M, Sato T, Sakai T, Sawaki T, Fujita Y, Tanaka M, Masaki Y, Nakajima H, Motoo Y, Umehara H. Efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma: once-weekly administration of bortezomib may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. Anticancer Res. 2011 Jun;31(6):2297-302. [http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/31/6/2297.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737655 PubMed]
 
−
 
 
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==VMPT==
 
−
VMPT: '''<u>V</u>'''elcade, '''<u>M</u>'''elphalan, '''<u>P</u>'''rednisone, '''<u>T</u>'''halidomide
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #1, Palumbo, et al. 2007===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.0-1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 6 mg/m2 PO on days 1-5
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-5
 
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*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-35
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 6 cycles'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #2, Bringhen, et al. 2010  - weekly bortezomib===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 8, 15, 22
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-42
 
−
 
 
−
'''35-day cycles x 9 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on day 1
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-14
 
−
 
 
−
'''14-day cycles x 2 years or until disease progression or relapse'''
 
−
 
 
−
===Regimen #3, Bringhen, et al. 2010===
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, 32 of cycles 1-4; 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1, 8, 22, 29 of cycles 5-9
 
−
*[[Melphalan (Alkeran)]] 9 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Prednisone (Sterapred)]] 60 mg/m2 PO on days 1-4
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-42
 
−
 
 
−
'''42-day cycles x 9 cycles, then'''
 
−
 
 
−
Maintenance therapy:
 
−
*[[Bortezomib (Velcade)]] 1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus on day 1
 
−
*[[Thalidomide (Thalomid)]] 50 mg PO on days 1-14
 
−
 
 
−
'''14-day cycles x 2 years or until disease progression or relapse'''
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
# Palumbo A, Ambrosini MT, Benevolo G, Pregno P, Pescosta N, Callea V, Cangialosi C, Caravita T, Morabito F, Musto P, Bringhen S, Falco P, Avonto I, Cavallo F, Boccadoro M; Italian Multiple Myeloma Network; Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologicche dell'Adulto. Bortezomib, melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide for relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2007 Apr 1;109(7):2767-72. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/109/7/2767.full link to original article] '''contains protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148584 PubMed]
 
−
# Bringhen S, Larocca A, Rossi D, Cavalli M, Genuardi M, Ria R, Gentili S, Patriarca F, Nozzoli C, Levi A, Guglielmelli T, Benevolo G, Callea V, Rizzo V, Cangialosi C, Musto P, De Rosa L, Liberati AM, Grasso M, Falcone AP, Evangelista A, Cavo M, Gaidano G, Boccadoro M, Palumbo A. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly bortezomib in multiple myeloma patients. Blood. 2010 Dec 2;116(23):4745-53. Epub 2010 Aug 31. [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/116/23/4745.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807892 PubMed]
 

Latest revision as of 19:11, 28 June 2024

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Section editor
Samuelrubinstein.jpg
 Samuel M. Rubinstein, MD
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Are you looking for a regimen but can't find it here? It is possible that we've moved it to the historical regimens page. For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit this page. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it!

Note: due to its size/complexity, the multiple myeloma page has been split into sub-pages:

This page will remain as a consolidated location for guidelines and prognostic information.

  • We have moved How I Treat articles to a dedicated page.


Guidelines

Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.

ASCO/CCO

BSH/UKMF

European Myeloma Network (EMN)

EHA/ESMO

IMWG

NCCN

SITC

Response criteria

Prognosis

Durie-Salmon Staging System - 1975

Composed of four factors with a modifier based on renal function

  • Serum levels of monoclonal protein (only defined for IgM, IgA, and Bence-Jones)
  • Number of lytic bone lesions
  • Hemoglobin
  • Serum calcium level

Risk stratification

  • Stage I: (must meet ALL criteria)
    • Hemoglobin greater than 10 g/dL
    • Calcium normal or less than or equal to 12 mg/dL
    • Skeletal survey with normal bone structure (scale 0) or solitary bone plasmacytoma only
    • Monoclonal protein relatively small (IgG M-spike value less than 5 g/dL OR IgA M-spike value less than 3 g/dL OR urine light chain protein less than 4 g/24 hr)
  • Stage II: not stage I or stage III
  • Stage III: (if meets ANY of the criteria)
    • Hemoglobin less than 8.5 g/dL
    • Calcium greater than 12 mg/dL
    • Skeletal survey with extensive skeletal destruction and major fractures
    • Monoclonal protein relatively large (IgG M-spike value greater than 7 g/dL OR IgA M-spike value greater than 5 g/dL OR urine light chain protein greater than 12 g/24 hr)

Modifier

  • A: relatively normal creatinine (less than 2 mg/dL)
  • B: creatinine greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL

References

  1. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):842-54. link to original article PubMed

International Staging System (ISS) - 2005

Composed of two factors

  • Serum albumin level
  • Serum beta-2 microglobulin level

Risk stratification

  • Stage I: Median survival of 62 months
    • Beta-2 microglobulin less than 3.5 mg/l
    • Albumin greater than or equal to 3.5 g/dl
  • Stage II: Median survival of 44 months
    • Not meeting stage I or stage III criteria
  • Stage III: Median survival of 29 months
    • Beta-2 microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 mg/l

References

  1. Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, Crowley JJ, Barlogie B, Bladé J, Boccadoro M, Child JA, Avet-Loiseau H, Kyle RA, Lahuerta JJ, Ludwig H, Morgan G, Powles R, Shimizu K, Shustik C, Sonneveld P, Tosi P, Turesson I, Westin J. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. link to original article PubMed
  2. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2009 Jan;23(1):3-9. Epub 2008 Oct 30. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

IMWG consensus on risk stratification - 2013

Composed of four factors

  • Serum albumin level
  • Serum beta-2 microglobulin level
  • Age
  • Chromosomal abnormalities detected by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

Risk stratification

  • Low risk: (must meet all criteria) Median survival of greater than 10 years
    • ISS Stage I or II
    • Age less than 55 years
    • Absence of the following: del(17p13), t(4;14), +1q21
  • Standard risk: Median survival of 7 years
    • Not meeting low risk or high risk criteria
  • High risk: (if meets both criteria) Median survival of 2 years
    • ISS Stage II or III
    • Either of the following: del(17p13) or t(4;14)

References

  1. Chng WJ, Dispenzieri A, Chim CS, Fonseca R, Goldschmidt H, Lentzsch S, Munshi N, Palumbo A, San Miguel J, Sonneveld P, Cavo M, Usmani S, Durie BG, Avet-Loiseau H; International Myeloma Working Group. IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014 Feb;28(2):269-77. Epub 2013 Aug 26. link to original article PubMed

Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) - 2015

Composed of four factors

  • Serum albumin level
  • Serum beta-2 microglobulin level
  • Serum LDH
  • Chromosomal abnormalities detected by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

Risk stratification

  • Low risk: 5-year overall survival = 82%
    • Beta-2 microglobulin less than 3.5 mg/l
    • Albumin less than or equal to 3.5 g/dl
    • LDH less than the upper limit of normal range
    • Absence of the following: del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16)
  • Intermediate risk: 5-year overall survival = 62%
    • Not meeting low risk or high risk criteria
  • High risk: (if meets ANY of the criteria) 5-year overall survival = 40%
    • Beta-2 microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 mg/l
    • LDH greater than the upper limit of normal range
    • Any of the following: del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16)

References

  1. Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt H, Rosinol L, Richardson P, Caltagirone S, Lahuerta JJ, Facon T, Bringhen S, Gay F, Attal M, Passera R, Spencer A, Offidani M, Kumar S, Musto P, Lonial S, Petrucci MT, Orlowski RZ, Zamagni E, Morgan G, Dimopoulos MA, Durie BG, Anderson KC, Sonneveld P, San Miguel J, Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Moreau P. Revised International Staging System for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2863-9. Epub 2015 Aug 3. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Miscellaneous

  1. Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P, Charbonnel C, Garban F, Hulin C, Leyvraz S, Michallet M, Yakoub-Agha I, Garderet L, Marit G, Michaux L, Voillat L, Renaud M, Grosbois B, Guillerm G, Benboubker L, Monconduit M, Thieblemont C, Casassus P, Caillot D, Stoppa AM, Sotto JJ, Wetterwald M, Dumontet C, Fuzibet JG, Azais I, Dorvaux V, Zandecki M, Bataille R, Minvielle S, Harousseau JL, Facon T, Mathiot C. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3489-95. Epub 2007 Jan 5. link to original article PubMed
  2. Avet-Loiseau H, Hulin C, Campion L, Rodon P, Marit G, Attal M, Royer B, Dib M, Voillat L, Bouscary D, Caillot D, Wetterwald M, Pegourie B, Lepeu G, Corront B, Karlin L, Stoppa AM, Fuzibet JG, Delbrel X, Guilhot F, Kolb B, Decaux O, Lamy T, Garderet L, Allangba O, Lifermann F, Anglaret B, Moreau P, Harousseau JL, Facon T. Chromosomal abnormalities are major prognostic factors in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome experience. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 1;31(22):2806-9. Epub 2013 Jun 24. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

External links

References

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