Difference between revisions of "Multiple myeloma - null regimens"

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# Belch A, Shelley W, Bergsagel D, Wilson K, Klimo P, White D, Willan A. A randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance melphalan and prednisone in responding multiple myeloma patients. Br J Cancer. 1988 Jan;57(1):94-9. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2246700/ link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3279997 PubMed]
 
# Belch A, Shelley W, Bergsagel D, Wilson K, Klimo P, White D, Willan A. A randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance melphalan and prednisone in responding multiple myeloma patients. Br J Cancer. 1988 Jan;57(1):94-9. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2246700/ link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3279997 PubMed]
 
# '''SWOG S8624:''' Salmon SE, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, Finley P, Pugh RP, Barlogie B. Combination chemotherapy, glucocorticoids, and interferon alfa in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Nov;12(11):2405-14. [https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1994.12.11.2405 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7964957 PubMed]
 
# '''SWOG S8624:''' Salmon SE, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, Finley P, Pugh RP, Barlogie B. Combination chemotherapy, glucocorticoids, and interferon alfa in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Nov;12(11):2405-14. [https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1994.12.11.2405 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7964957 PubMed]
−
# '''IFM 99-02:''' Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, Doyen C, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Yakoub Agha I, Bourhis JH, Garderet L, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Renaud M, Voillat L, Berthou C, Marit G, Monconduit M, Caillot D, Grobois B, Avet-Loiseau H, Moreau P, Facon T; Inter-Groupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM). Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3289-94. Epub 2006 Jul 27. [http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/10/3289.long link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873668 PubMed]
+
# '''IFM 99-02:''' Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, Doyen C, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Yakoub Agha I, Bourhis JH, Garderet L, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Renaud M, Voillat L, Berthou C, Marit G, Monconduit M, Caillot D, Grobois B, Avet-Loiseau H, Moreau P, Facon T; Inter-Groupe Francophone du Myélome. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3289-94. Epub 2006 Jul 27. [http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/10/3289.long link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873668 PubMed]
 
## '''Update:''' Barlogie B, Attal M, Crowley J, van Rhee F, Szymonifka J, Moreau P, Durie BG, Harousseau JL. Long-term follow-up of autotransplantation trials for multiple myeloma: update of protocols conducted by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome, Southwest Oncology Group, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1209-14. Epub 2010 Jan 19. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 20;28(21):3543. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1209.long link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834471/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20085933 PubMed]
 
## '''Update:''' Barlogie B, Attal M, Crowley J, van Rhee F, Szymonifka J, Moreau P, Durie BG, Harousseau JL. Long-term follow-up of autotransplantation trials for multiple myeloma: update of protocols conducted by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome, Southwest Oncology Group, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1209-14. Epub 2010 Jan 19. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 20;28(21):3543. [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1209.long link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834471/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20085933 PubMed]
 
# '''MRC Myeloma IX:''' Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Cocks K, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Navarro-Coy N, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Feyler S, Ashcroft AJ, Ross F, Byrne J, Roddie H, Rudin C, Cook G, Jackson GH, Child JA; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Study Group. First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Dec 11;376(9757):1989-99. Epub 2010 Dec 3. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62051-X/fulltext link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639680/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21131037 PubMed]
 
# '''MRC Myeloma IX:''' Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Cocks K, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Navarro-Coy N, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Feyler S, Ashcroft AJ, Ross F, Byrne J, Roddie H, Rudin C, Cook G, Jackson GH, Child JA; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Study Group. First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Dec 11;376(9757):1989-99. Epub 2010 Dec 3. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62051-X/fulltext link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639680/ link to PMC article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21131037 PubMed]
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''No active antineoplastic treatment.''
 
''No active antineoplastic treatment.''
 
===References===
 
===References===
−
# '''IFM 2005-02:''' Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, Caillot D, Moreau P, Facon T, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Garderet L, Decaux O, Leyvraz S, Vekemans MC, Voillat L, Michallet M, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Roussel M, Leleu X, Mathiot C, Payen C, Avet-Loiseau H, Harousseau JL; IFM Investigators. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1782-91. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114138 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571202 PubMed]
+
# '''IFM 2005-02:''' Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, Caillot D, Moreau P, Facon T, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Garderet L, Decaux O, Leyvraz S, Vekemans MC, Voillat L, Michallet M, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Roussel M, Leleu X, Mathiot C, Payen C, Avet-Loiseau H, Harousseau JL; IFM. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1782-91. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114138 link to original article] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571202 PubMed]
 
## '''Update: Abstract:''' Michel Attal, MD, Valerie Cances Lauwers, Gerald Marit, Denis Caillot, Thierry Facon, MD, Cyrille Hulin, Philippe Moreau, MD, Claire Mathiot, Murielle Roussel, Catherine Payen, H. Avet-Loiseau and Jean Luc Harousseau. Maintenance Treatment with Lenalidomide After Transplantation for MYELOMA : Final Analysis of the IFM 2005-02. ASH 2010 Abstract 310. [https://ash.confex.com/ash/2010/webprogram/Paper26522.html link to abstract]
 
## '''Update: Abstract:''' Michel Attal, MD, Valerie Cances Lauwers, Gerald Marit, Denis Caillot, Thierry Facon, MD, Cyrille Hulin, Philippe Moreau, MD, Claire Mathiot, Murielle Roussel, Catherine Payen, H. Avet-Loiseau and Jean Luc Harousseau. Maintenance Treatment with Lenalidomide After Transplantation for MYELOMA : Final Analysis of the IFM 2005-02. ASH 2010 Abstract 310. [https://ash.confex.com/ash/2010/webprogram/Paper26522.html link to abstract]
 
# '''MM-015:''' Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, Kropff M, Petrucci MT, Catalano J, Gisslinger H, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Zodelava M, Weisel K, Cascavilla N, Iosava G, Cavo M, Kloczko J, Bladé J, Beksac M, Spicka I, Plesner T, Radke J, Langer C, Ben Yehuda D, Corso A, Herbein L, Yu Z, Mei J, Jacques C, Dimopoulos MA; MM-015 Investigators. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):285. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112704 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571200 PubMed]
 
# '''MM-015:''' Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, Kropff M, Petrucci MT, Catalano J, Gisslinger H, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Zodelava M, Weisel K, Cascavilla N, Iosava G, Cavo M, Kloczko J, Bladé J, Beksac M, Spicka I, Plesner T, Radke J, Langer C, Ben Yehuda D, Corso A, Herbein L, Yu Z, Mei J, Jacques C, Dimopoulos MA; MM-015 Investigators. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):285. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112704 link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571200 PubMed]

Revision as of 01:51, 15 March 2020

The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. While not clinically relevant, these references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main multiple myeloma page for current regimens.


Maintenance after first-line therapy

Observation

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Alexanian et al. 1975 Phase III (C) 1. MP
2. Carmustine & Prednisone 		Seems not superior
Belch et al. 1988 Phase III (C) MP Inferior FFS
Salmon et al. 1994 (SWOG S8624) Phase III (C) IFN alfa Seems not superior
Attal et al. 2006 (IFM 99-02) Phase III (C) Thalidomide Inferior OS
Morgan et al. 2010 (MRC Myeloma IX) Phase III (C) Thalidomide Inferior PFS
Stewart et al. 2013 (NCIC CTG Myeloma 10) Phase III (C) Thalidomide & Prednisone Inferior PFS
Mellqvist et al. 2013 (NMSG 15/05) Phase III (C) Bortezomib Might have inferior PFS
Palumbo et al. 2014 (MPRvsMEL200) Phase III (C) Lenalidomide Inferior PFS
Jackson et al. 2018 (UK NCRI Myeloma XI) Phase III (C) Lenalidomide Inferior PFS

No further treatment; used as a comparator arm.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. Alexanian R, Balcerzak SP, Haut A, Hewlett J, Gehan E. Remission maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma. Arch Intern Med. 1975 Jan;135(1):147-52. link to original article PubMed
  2. Belch A, Shelley W, Bergsagel D, Wilson K, Klimo P, White D, Willan A. A randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance melphalan and prednisone in responding multiple myeloma patients. Br J Cancer. 1988 Jan;57(1):94-9. link to original article PubMed
  3. SWOG S8624: Salmon SE, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, Finley P, Pugh RP, Barlogie B. Combination chemotherapy, glucocorticoids, and interferon alfa in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Nov;12(11):2405-14. link to original article PubMed
  4. IFM 99-02: Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, Doyen C, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Yakoub Agha I, Bourhis JH, Garderet L, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Renaud M, Voillat L, Berthou C, Marit G, Monconduit M, Caillot D, Grobois B, Avet-Loiseau H, Moreau P, Facon T; Inter-Groupe Francophone du Myélome. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3289-94. Epub 2006 Jul 27. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Barlogie B, Attal M, Crowley J, van Rhee F, Szymonifka J, Moreau P, Durie BG, Harousseau JL. Long-term follow-up of autotransplantation trials for multiple myeloma: update of protocols conducted by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome, Southwest Oncology Group, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1209-14. Epub 2010 Jan 19. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 20;28(21):3543. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  5. MRC Myeloma IX: Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Cocks K, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Navarro-Coy N, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Feyler S, Ashcroft AJ, Ross F, Byrne J, Roddie H, Rudin C, Cook G, Jackson GH, Child JA; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Study Group. First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Dec 11;376(9757):1989-99. Epub 2010 Dec 3. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Russell NH, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Navarro Coy N, Cook G, Feyler S, Byrne JL, Roddie H, Rudin C, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Ross FM, Jackson GH, Child JA; NCRI Haematological Oncology Study Group. Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD) as initial therapy for patients with multiple myeloma unsuitable for autologous transplantation. Blood. 2011 Aug 4;118(5):1231-8. Epub 2011 Jun 7. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    2. Update: Morgan GJ, Gregory WM, Davies FE, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Brown JM, Coy NN, Cook G, Russell NH, Rudin C, Roddie H, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Ross FM, Jackson GH, Child JA; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Studies Group. The role of maintenance thalidomide therapy in multiple myeloma: MRC Myeloma IX results and meta-analysis. Blood. 2012 Jan 5;119(1):7-15. Epub 2011 Oct 20. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    3. Update: Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Navarro Coy N, Cook G, Feyler S, Johnson PR, Rudin C, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Ross FM, Russell NH, Jackson GH, Child JA; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Studies Group. Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients destined for autologous stem-cell transplantation: MRC Myeloma IX randomized trial results. Haematologica. 2012 Mar;97(3):442-50. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article contains verified protocol link to PMC article PubMed
    4. Update: Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, Bell SE, Szubert AJ, Cook G, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Ross FM, Jackson G, Child JA. Long-term follow-up of MRC Myeloma IX trial: Survival outcomes with bisphosphonate and thalidomide treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Nov 1;19(21):6030-8. Epub 2013 Aug 30. link to original article PubMed
  6. BMT CTN 0102: Krishnan A, Pasquini MC, Logan B, Stadtmauer EA, Vesole DH, Alyea E 3rd, Antin JH, Comenzo R, Goodman S, Hari P, Laport G, Qazilbash MH, Rowley S, Sahebi F, Somlo G, Vogl DT, Weisdorf D, Ewell M, Wu J, Geller NL, Horowitz MM, Giralt S, Maloney DG; BMT CTN. Autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation followed by allogeneic or autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma (BMT CTN 0102): a phase 3 biological assignment trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Dec;12(13):1195-203. Epub 2011 Sep 29. link to PMC article PubMed
  7. NCIC CTG Myeloma 10: Stewart AK, Trudel S, Bahlis NJ, White D, Sabry W, Belch A, Reiman T, Roy J, Shustik C, Kovacs MJ, Rubinger M, Cantin G, Song K, Tompkins KA, Marcellus DC, Lacy MQ, Sussman J, Reece D, Brundage M, Harnett EL, Shepherd L, Chapman JA, Meyer RM. A randomized phase 3 trial of thalidomide and prednisone as maintenance therapy after ASCT in patients with MM with a quality-of-life assessment: the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinicals Trials Group Myeloma 10 Trial. Blood. 2013 Feb 28;121(9):1517-23. Epub 2013 Jan 7. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  8. NMSG 15/05: Mellqvist UH, Gimsing P, Hjertner O, Lenhoff S, Laane E, Remes K, Steingrimsdottir H, Abildgaard N, Ahlberg L, Blimark C, Dahl IM, Forsberg K, Gedde-Dahl T, Gregersen H, Gruber A, Guldbrandsen N, Haukås E, Carlson K, Kvam AK, Nahi H, Lindås R, Andersen NF, Turesson I, Waage A, Westin J; Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Bortezomib consolidation after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: a Nordic Myeloma Study Group randomized phase 3 trial. Blood. 2013 Jun 6;121(23):4647-54. Epub 2013 Apr 24. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  9. MPRvsMEL200: Palumbo A, Cavallo F, Gay F, Di Raimondo F, Ben Yehuda D, Petrucci MT, Pezzatti S, Caravita T, Cerrato C, Ribakovsky E, Genuardi M, Cafro A, Marcatti M, Catalano L, Offidani M, Carella AM, Zamagni E, Patriarca F, Musto P, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Omedé P, Crippa C, Corradini P, Nagler A, Boccadoro M, Cavo M. Autologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):895-905. link to original article PubMed
  10. UK NCRI Myeloma XI: Jackson GH, Davies FE, Pawlyn C, Cairns DA, Striha A, Collett C, Hockaday A, Jones JR, Kishore B, Garg M, Williams CD, Karunanithi K, Lindsay J, Jenner MW, Cook G, Russell NH, Kaiser MF, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Gregory WM, Morgan GJ; UK NCRI Haemato-oncology Clinical Studies Group. Lenalidomide maintenance versus observation for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (Myeloma XI): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jan;20(1):57-73. Epub 2018 Dec 14. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Placebo

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Attal et al. 2012 (IFM 2005-02) Phase III (C) Lenalidomide Inferior PFS
Palumbo et al. 2012 (MM-015) Phase III (E-de-esc) Lenalidomide Inferior PFS
McCarthy et al. 2012 (CALGB 100104) Phase III (C) Lenalidomide Seems to have inferior OS
Dimopoulos et al. 2018 (TOURMALINE-MM3) Phase III (C) Ixazomib Inferior PFS

No active antineoplastic treatment.

References

  1. IFM 2005-02: Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, Caillot D, Moreau P, Facon T, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Garderet L, Decaux O, Leyvraz S, Vekemans MC, Voillat L, Michallet M, Pegourie B, Dumontet C, Roussel M, Leleu X, Mathiot C, Payen C, Avet-Loiseau H, Harousseau JL; IFM. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1782-91. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Abstract: Michel Attal, MD, Valerie Cances Lauwers, Gerald Marit, Denis Caillot, Thierry Facon, MD, Cyrille Hulin, Philippe Moreau, MD, Claire Mathiot, Murielle Roussel, Catherine Payen, H. Avet-Loiseau and Jean Luc Harousseau. Maintenance Treatment with Lenalidomide After Transplantation for MYELOMA : Final Analysis of the IFM 2005-02. ASH 2010 Abstract 310. link to abstract
  2. MM-015: Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, Kropff M, Petrucci MT, Catalano J, Gisslinger H, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Zodelava M, Weisel K, Cascavilla N, Iosava G, Cavo M, Kloczko J, Bladé J, Beksac M, Spicka I, Plesner T, Radke J, Langer C, Ben Yehuda D, Corso A, Herbein L, Yu Z, Mei J, Jacques C, Dimopoulos MA; MM-015 Investigators. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):285. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. CALGB 100104: McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, Hurd DD, Hassoun H, Richardson PG, Giralt S, Stadtmauer EA, Weisdorf DJ, Vij R, Moreb JS, Callander NS, Van Besien K, Gentile T, Isola L, Maziarz RT, Gabriel DA, Bashey A, Landau H, Martin T, Qazilbash MH, Levitan D, McClune B, Schlossman R, Hars V, Postiglione J, Jiang C, Bennett E, Barry S, Bressler L, Kelly M, Seiler M, Rosenbaum C, Hari P, Pasquini MC, Horowitz MM, Shea TC, Devine SM, Anderson KC, Linker C. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1770-81. link to original article link to supplementary appendix link to PMC article PubMed
    1. Update: Holstein SA, Jung SH, Richardson PG, Hofmeister CC, Hurd DD, Hassoun H, Giralt S, Stadtmauer EA, Weisdorf DJ, Vij R, Moreb JS, Callander NS, van Besien K, Gentile TG, Isola L, Maziarz RT, Bashey A, Landau H, Martin T, Qazilbash MH, Rodriguez C, McClune B, Schlossman RL, Smith SE, Hars V, Owzar K, Jiang C, Boyd M, Schultz C, Wilson M, Hari P, Pasquini MC, Horowitz MM, Shea TC, Devine SM, Linker C, Anderson KC, McCarthy PL. Updated analysis of CALGB (Alliance) 100104 assessing lenalidomide versus placebo maintenance after single autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Sep;4(9):e431-e442. Epub 2017 Aug 17. link to original article PubMed
  4. TOURMALINE-MM3: Dimopoulos MA, Gay F, Schjesvold F, Beksac M, Hajek R, Weisel KC, Goldschmidt H, Maisnar V, Moreau P, Min CK, Pluta A, Chng WJ, Kaiser M, Zweegman S, Mateos MV, Spencer A, Iida S, Morgan G, Suryanarayan K, Teng Z, Skacel T, Palumbo A, Dash AB, Gupta N, Labotka R, Rajkumar SV; TOURMALINE-MM3 study group. Oral ixazomib maintenance following autologous stem cell transplantation (TOURMALINE-MM3): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Jan 19;393(10168):253-264. Epub 2018 Dec 10. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Relapsed or refractory

Placebo

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Holland et al. 1966 Randomized (C) Urethane Seems not superior

No active antineoplastic treatment.

References

  1. Holland JR, Hosley H, Scharlau C, Carbone PP, Frei E 3rd, Brindley CO, Hall TC, Shnider BI, Gold GL, Lasagna L, Owens AH Jr, Miller SP. A controlled trial of urethane treatment in multiple myeloma. Blood. 1966 Mar;27(3):328-42. link to original article PubMed
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