Difference between revisions of "Colon cancer - null regimens"

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(Created page with "The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. While not clinically relevant, these references provide further insight in...")
 
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| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
 
| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
 
|[[Colon_cancer#Irinotecan_monotherapy_3|Irinotecan]]
 
|[[Colon_cancer#Irinotecan_monotherapy_3|Irinotecan]]
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| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior OS
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|[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa071834 Jonker et al. 2007 (NCIC CTG CO.17)]
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|2003-2005
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| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
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|[[Colon_cancer,_KRAS_wild-type#Cetuximab_monotherapy_2|Cetuximab]]
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior OS
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior OS
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/13/1658.long Van Cutsem et al. 2007 (20020408)]
 
|[http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/13/1658.long Van Cutsem et al. 2007 (20020408)]
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|2004-2005
 
| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
 
| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
 
|[[Colon_cancer,_KRAS_wild-type#Panitumumab_monotherapy|Panitumumab]]
 
|[[Colon_cancer,_KRAS_wild-type#Panitumumab_monotherapy|Panitumumab]]
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior PFS
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior PFS
 
|-
 
|-
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|[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa071834 Jonker et al. 2007 (NCIC CTG CO.17)]
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|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5104888/ Kim et al. 2016 (20100007)]
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|2011-2013
 
| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
 
| style="background-color:#1a9851" |Phase III (C)
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|[[Colon_cancer,_KRAS_wild-type#Cetuximab_monotherapy_2|Cetuximab]]
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|[[Colon_cancer,_KRAS_wild-type#Panitumumab_monotherapy|Panitumumab]]
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior OS
 
| style="background-color:#d73027" |Inferior OS
 
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##'''Subgroup analysis:''' Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Tu D, Tebbutt NC, Simes RJ, Chalchal H, Shapiro JD, Robitaille S, Price TJ, Shepherd L, Au HJ, Langer C, Moore MJ, Zalcberg JR. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1757-65. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0804385 link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946061 PubMed]
 
##'''Subgroup analysis:''' Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Tu D, Tebbutt NC, Simes RJ, Chalchal H, Shapiro JD, Robitaille S, Price TJ, Shepherd L, Au HJ, Langer C, Moore MJ, Zalcberg JR. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1757-65. [https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0804385 link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946061 PubMed]
 
##'''Subgroup analysis:''' Asmis TR, Powell E, Karapetis CS, Jonker DJ, Tu D, Jeffery M, Pavlakis N, Gibbs P, Zhu L, Dueck DA, Whittom R, Langer C, O'Callaghan CJ. Comorbidity, age and overall survival in cetuximab-treated patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC)--results from NCIC CTG CO.17: a phase III trial of cetuximab versus best supportive care. Ann Oncol. 2011 Jan;22(1):118-26. Epub 2010 Jul 5. [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/118.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603436 PubMed]
 
##'''Subgroup analysis:''' Asmis TR, Powell E, Karapetis CS, Jonker DJ, Tu D, Jeffery M, Pavlakis N, Gibbs P, Zhu L, Dueck DA, Whittom R, Langer C, O'Callaghan CJ. Comorbidity, age and overall survival in cetuximab-treated patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC)--results from NCIC CTG CO.17: a phase III trial of cetuximab versus best supportive care. Ann Oncol. 2011 Jan;22(1):118-26. Epub 2010 Jul 5. [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/118.long link to original article] '''contains verified protocol''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603436 PubMed]
 +
#'''20100007:''' Kim TW, Elme A, Kusic Z, Park JO, Udrea AA, Kim SY, Ahn JB, Valencia RV, Krishnan S, Bilic A, Manojlovic N, Dong J, Guan X, Lofton-Day C, Jung AS, Vrdoljak E. A phase 3 trial evaluating panitumumab plus best supportive care vs best supportive care in chemorefractory wild-type KRAS or RAS metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2016 Nov 8;115(10):1206-1214. Epub 2016 Oct 13. [https://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v115/n10/full/bjc2016309a.html link to original article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5104888/ link to PMC article] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27736842 PubMed]
  
 
==Placebo==
 
==Placebo==

Revision as of 19:49, 7 February 2020

The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. While not clinically relevant, these references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main colon cancer page for current regimens.


Adjuvant therapy, stage II

Observation

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Moertel et al. 1995 (INT-0035) Phase III (C) 5-FU & Levamisole Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Gray et al. 2000 (QUASAR) Phase III (C) 5-FU & Leucovorin Inferior OS
Hartung et al. 2005 Phase III (C) Edrecolomab Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Schippinger et al. 2007 Phase III (C) 5-FU & Leucovorin Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Laffer et al. 2008 (SAKK 40/87) Phase III (C) 1. Portal venous 5-FU & Mitomycin
2. 5-FU & Mitomycin 		Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Niedzwiecki et al. 2011 (CALGB 9581) Phase III (C) Edrecolomab Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

No systemic treatment after surgery for stage II colon cancer.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. INT-0035: Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen CM, Ungerleider JS, Emerson WA, Tormey DC, Glick JH, Veeder MH, Mailliard JA; North Central Cancer Treatment Group; Southwest Oncology Group; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes' B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Dec;13(12):2936-43. link to original article PubMed
  2. QUASAR: Gray RG, Kerr DJ, McConkey CC, Williams NS, Hills RK; QUASAR Collaborative Group. Comparison of fluorouracil with additional levamisole, higher-dose folinic acid, or both, as adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 May 6;355(9215):1588-96. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Gray R, Barnwell J, McConkey C, Hills RK, Williams NS, Kerr DJ; Quasar Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet. 2007 Dec 15;370(9604):2020-9. link to original article PubMed
  3. Hartung G, Hofheinz RD, Dencausse Y, Sturm J, Kopp-Schneider A, Dietrich G, Fackler-Schwalbe I, Bornbusch D, Gonnermann M, Wojatschek C, Lindemann W, Eschenburg H, Jost K, Edler L, Hochhaus A, Queisser W. Adjuvant therapy with edrecolomab versus observation in stage II colon cancer: a multicenter randomized phase III study. Onkologie. 2005 Jun;28(6-7):347-50. Epub 2005 Jun 2. link to original article PubMed
  4. Schippinger W, Samonigg H, Schaberl-Moser R, Greil R, Thödtmann R, Tschmelitsch J, Jagoditsch M, Steger GG, Jakesz R, Herbst F, Hofbauer F, Rabl H, Wohlmuth P, Gnant M, Thaler J; Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. A prospective randomised phase III trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with stage II colon cancer. Br J Cancer. 2007 Oct 22;97(8):1021-7. Epub 2007 Sep 25. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  5. SAKK 40/87: Laffer U, Metzger U, Aeberhard P, Lorenz M, Harder F, Maibach R, Zuber M, Herrmann R. Adjuvant perioperative portal vein or peripheral intravenous chemotherapy for potentially curative colorectal cancer: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Dec;23(12):1233-41. Epub 2008 Aug 8. link to original article PubMed
  6. CALGB 9581: Niedzwiecki D, Bertagnolli MM, Warren RS, Compton CC, Kemeny NE, Benson AB 3rd, Eckhardt SG, Alberts S, Porjosh GN, Kerr DJ, Fields A, Rougier P, Pipas JM, Schwartz JH, Atkins J, O'Rourke M, Perry MC, Goldberg RM, Mayer RJ, Colacchio TA. Documenting the natural history of patients with resected stage II adenocarcinoma of the colon after random assignment to adjuvant treatment with edrecolomab or observation: results from CALGB 9581. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Aug 10;29(23):3146-52. Epub 2011 Jul 11. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Placebo

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Midgley et al. 2010 (VICTOR) Phase III (C) Rofecoxib Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

No active antineoplastic treatment.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. VICTOR: Midgley RS, McConkey CC, Johnstone EC, Dunn JA, Smith JL, Grumett SA, Julier P, Iveson C, Yanagisawa Y, Warren B, Langman MJ, Kerr DJ. Phase III randomized trial assessing rofecoxib in the adjuvant setting of colorectal cancer: final results of the VICTOR trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4575-80. Epub 2010 Sep 13. link to original article PubMed

Adjuvant therapy, stage III

Observation

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Lessner et al. 1984 Phase III (C) 1. 5-FU & Semustine
2. 5-FU, Semustine, BCG
3. BCG 		Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Wolmark et al. 1988 (NSABP C-01) Phase III (C) 1. MOF
2. BCG 		Did not meet primary endpoint of OS (*)
Panettiere et al. 1988 (SWOG S7510) Phase III (C) 1. 5-FU & Semustine
2. 5-FU, Semustine, BCG 		Did not meet primary endpoint
Wolmark et al. 1990 (NSABP C-02) Phase III (C) Portal venous chemotherapy Might have inferior OS
Fielding et al. 1992 (AXIS-CRC) Phase III (C) Portal venous chemotherapy Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Riethmüller et al. 1994 Phase III (C) Edrecolomab Seems to have inferior OS
Laffer et al. 1995 (SAKK 40/81) Phase III (C) Portal venous chemotherapy Seems to have inferior OS
Marsoni et al. 1995 (IMPACTCRC) Phase III (C) 5-FU & Leucovorin Seems to have inferior OS
O'Connell et al. 1997 Phase III (C) 5-FU & Leucovorin Seems to have inferior OS
Rougier et al. 1998 Phase III (C) Portal venous chemotherapy Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Vaillant et al. 2000 Phase III (C) IP 5-FU Did not meet primary endpoints of DFS60/OS60
Laffer et al. 2008 (SAKK 40/87) Phase III (C) 1. Portal venous 5-FU & Mitomycin
2. 5-FU & Mitomycin 		Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Hasegawa et al. 2016 Phase III (C) Tegafur, Uracil, Leucovorin Inferior RFS

No systemic treatment after surgery. The AXIS trial is named "AXIS-CRC" here so as not to confuse it with the AXIS trial in renal cell carcinoma. IMPACT should not be confused with the studies of the same name in breast cancer and prostate cancer. Reported efficacy for NSABP C-01 is based on the 2004 update.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. Lessner HE, Mayer RJ, Ellenberg SS, Holyoke ED; Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer--results of a prospectively randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1984 Mar 22;310(12):737-43. link to original article PubMed
  2. NSABP C-01: Wolmark N, Fisher B, Rockette H, Redmond C, Wickerham DL, Fisher ER, Jones J, Glass A, Lerner H, Lawrence W, Prager D, Wexler M, Evans J, Cruz A, Dimitrov N, Jochimsen P; Other NSABP Investigators. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or BCG for colon cancer: results from NSABP protocol C-01. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Mar 2;80(1):30-6. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Smith RE, Colangelo L, Wieand HS, Begovic M, Wolmark N. Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy in colon carcinoma: 10-year results of NSABP protocol C-01. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Aug 4;96(15):1128-32. link to original article PubMed
    2. Pooled update: Wilkinson NW, Yothers G, Lopa S, Costantino JP, Petrelli NJ, Wolmark N. Long-term survival results of surgery alone versus surgery plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for stage II and stage III colon cancer: pooled analysis of NSABP C-01 through C-05: a baseline from which to compare modern adjuvant trials. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Apr;17(4):959-66. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  3. SWOG S7510: Panettiere FJ, Goodman PJ, Costanzi JJ, Cruz AB Jr, Vaitkevicius VK, McCracken JD, Brownlee RW, Laufman L, Stephens RL, Bonnet J, Bottomley R, Rivkin S, Fletcher W, Oishi N, Chen TT. Adjuvant therapy in large bowel adenocarcinoma: long-term results of a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Jun;6(6):947-54. link to original article PubMed
  4. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Goodman PJ, Ungerleider JS, Emerson WA, Tormey DC, Glick JH, Veeder MH, Mailliard JA. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1990 Feb 8;322(6):352-8. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen CM, Ungerleider JS, Emerson WA, Tormey DC, Glick JH, Veeder MH, Mailliard JA. Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Mar 1;122(5):321-6. link to original article PubMed
  5. NSABP C-02: Wolmark N, Rockette H, Wickerham DL, Fisher B, Redmond C, Fisher ER, Potvin M, Davies RJ, Jones J, Robidoux A, Wexler M, Gordon P, Cruz AB, Horsley S, Nims TA, Thirlwell M, Phillips WA, Prager D, Stern HS, Lerner HJ, Frazier TG. Adjuvant therapy of Dukes' A, B, and C adenocarcinoma of the colon with portal-vein fluorouracil hepatic infusion: preliminary results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocol C-02. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Sep;8(9):1466-75. link to original article PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Wilkinson NW, Yothers G, Lopa S, Costantino JP, Petrelli NJ, Wolmark N. Long-term survival results of surgery alone versus surgery plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for stage II and stage III colon cancer: pooled analysis of NSABP C-01 through C-05: a baseline from which to compare modern adjuvant trials. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Apr;17(4):959-66. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  6. AXIS-CRC: Fielding LP, Hittinger R, Grace RH, Fry JS. Randomised controlled trial of adjuvant chemotherapy by portal-vein perfusion after curative resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Lancet. 1992 Aug 29;340(8818):502-6. link to original article PubMed
  7. Riethmüller G, Schneider-Gädicke E, Schlimok G, Schmiegel W, Raab R, Höffken K, Gruber R, Pichlmaier H, Hirche H, Pichlmayr R, Buggisch P, Witte J; German Cancer Aid 17-1A Study Group. Randomised trial of monoclonal antibody for adjuvant therapy of resected Dukes' C colorectal carcinoma. Lancet. 1994 May 14;343(8907):1177-83. link to original article PubMed
  8. SAKK 40/81: Laffer U, Metzger U, Aeberhard P, Maibach R, Castiglione M, Goldhirsch A; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Long-term results of single course of adjuvant intraportal chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1995 Feb 11;345(8946):349-53. link to original article PubMed
  9. IMPACT: Marsoni S, Labianca R, Pancera G, Torri V, Zaniboni A, Erlichman C, Pater J, Shepherd L, Zee B, Seitz JF, Milan C, Pignon JP; International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet. 1995 Apr 15;345(8955):939-44. link to original article PubMed
  10. O'Connell MJ, Mailliard JA, Kahn MJ, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Mayer RJ, Wieand HS. Controlled trial of fluorouracil and low-dose leucovorin given for 6 months as postoperative adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jan;15(1):246-50. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Erlichman C, O'Connell M, Kahn M, Marsoni S, Torri V, Tardio B, Zaniboni A, Pancera G, Martignoni G, Labianca R, Barni A, Seitz JF, Milan C, Bedenne L, Giovannini M, Letreut YP, Skillings J, Shepard L, Zee B, Petrioli R, Francini G; International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999 May;17(5):1356-63. link to original article PubMed
  11. Rougier P, Sahmoud T, Nitti D, Curran D, Doci R, De Waele B, Nakajima T, Rauschecker H, Labianca R, Pector JC, Marsoni S, Apolone G, Lasser P, Couvreur ML, Wils J; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Gruppo Interdisciplinare Valutazione Interventi in Oncologia and the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Adjuvant portal-vein infusion of fluorouracil and heparin in colorectal cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1998 Jun 6;351(9117):1677-81. link to original article PubMed
  12. Vaillant JC, Nordlinger B, Deuffic S, Arnaud JP, Pelissier E, Favre JP, Jaeck D, Fourtanier G, Grandjean JP, Marre P, Letoublon C. Adjuvant intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil in high-risk colon cancer: a multicenter phase III trial. Ann Surg. 2000 Apr;231(4):449-56. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
  13. SAKK 40/87: Laffer U, Metzger U, Aeberhard P, Lorenz M, Harder F, Maibach R, Zuber M, Herrmann R. Adjuvant perioperative portal vein or peripheral intravenous chemotherapy for potentially curative colorectal cancer: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Dec;23(12):1233-41. Epub 2008 Aug 8. link to original article PubMed
  14. Hasegawa K, Saiura A, Takayama T, Miyagawa S, Yamamoto J, Ijichi M, Teruya M, Yoshimi F, Kawasaki S, Koyama H, Oba M, Takahashi M, Mizunuma N, Matsuyama Y, Watanabe T, Makuuchi M, Kokudo N. Adjuvant oral uracil-tegafur with leucovorin for colorectal cancer liver metastases: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 2;11(9):e0162400. eCollection 2016. link to original article link to PMC article contains verified protocol PubMed

Placebo

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Midgley et al. 2010 (VICTOR) Phase III (C) Rofecoxib Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

No active antineoplastic treatment.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. VICTOR: Midgley RS, McConkey CC, Johnstone EC, Dunn JA, Smith JL, Grumett SA, Julier P, Iveson C, Yanagisawa Y, Warren B, Langman MJ, Kerr DJ. Phase III randomized trial assessing rofecoxib in the adjuvant setting of colorectal cancer: final results of the VICTOR trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4575-80. Epub 2010 Sep 13. link to original article PubMed

Therapy for oligometastatic disease, including perioperative therapy and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy

Observation

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Kemeny et al. 1999 Phase III (C) Hepatic arterial chemotherapy Seems to have inferior OS
Portier et al. 2006 (FFCD 9002) Phase III (C) 5-FU & LV Might have inferior PFS (*)
Nordlinger et al. 2008 (EORTC 40983) Phase III (C) FOLFOX4 Inferior PFS

No treatment other than surgical resection of oligometastatic disease. Reported efficacy for FFCD 9002 is based on the 2008 pooled update.

References

  1. Kemeny N, Huang Y, Cohen AM, Shi W, Conti JA, Brennan MF, Bertino JR, Turnbull AD, Sullivan D, Stockman J, Blumgart LH, Fong Y. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 30;341(27):2039-48. link to original article PubMed
  2. FFCD 9002: Portier G, Elias D, Bouche O, Rougier P, Bosset JF, Saric J, Belghiti J, Piedbois P, Guimbaud R, Nordlinger B, Bugat R, Lazorthes F, Bedenne L. Multicenter randomized trial of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid compared with surgery alone after resection of colorectal liver metastases: FFCD ACHBTH AURC 9002 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 1;24(31):4976-82. link to original article PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Mitry E, Fields AL, Bleiberg H, Labianca R, Portier G, Tu D, Nitti D, Torri V, Elias D, O'Callaghan C, Langer B, Martignoni G, Bouché O, Lazorthes F, Van Cutsem E, Bedenne L, Moore MJ, Rougier P. Adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of metastases from colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 20;26(30):4906-11. Epub 2008 Sep 15. link to original article PubMed
  3. EORTC 40983: Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, Bechstein WO, Primrose JN, Walpole ET, Finch-Jones M, Jaeck D, Mirza D, Parks RW, Collette L, Praet M, Bethe U, Van Cutsem E, Scheithauer W, Gruenberger T; EORTC Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancer Group; Cancer Research UK; Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen und-tumoren in der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (ALM-CAO); Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group (AGITG); Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD). Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Mar 22;371(9617):1007-16. link to original article link to PMC article does not contain protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, Bechstein WO, Primrose JN, Walpole ET, Finch-Jones M, Jaeck D, Mirza D, Parks RW, Mauer M, Tanis E, Van Cutsem E, Scheithauer W, Gruenberger T; EORTC Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancer Group; Cancer Research UK; Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen und–tumoren in der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (ALM-CAO); Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group (AGITG); Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD). Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectalcancer (EORTC 40983): long-term results of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Nov;14(12):1208-15. Epub 2013 Oct 11. link to original article PubMed

Maintenance after first-line therapy

Observation

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Regimen

Study Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Simkens et al. 2015 (CAIRO3) Phase III (C) CAP-B Inferior PFS2
Luo et al. 2016 Phase III (C) Capecitabine Inferior PFS
Aparicio et al. 2018 (PRODIGE 9) Phase III (C) Bevacizumab Did not meet primary endpoint of TCD

No further treatment after first-line induction.

Preceding treatment

References

  1. CAIRO3: Simkens LH, van Tinteren H, May A, ten Tije AJ, Creemers GJ, Loosveld OJ, de Jongh FE, Erdkamp FL, Erjavec Z, van der Torren AM, Tol J, Braun HJ, Nieboer P, van der Hoeven JJ, Haasjes JG, Jansen RL, Wals J, Cats A, Derleyn VA, Honkoop AH, Mol L, Punt CJ, Koopman M. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (CAIRO3): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Lancet. 2015 May 9;385(9980):1843-52. Epub 2015 Apr 7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Goey KKH, Elias SG, van Tinteren H, Laclé MM, Willems SM, Offerhaus GJA, de Leng WWJ, Strengman E, Ten Tije AJ, Creemers GM, van der Velden A, de Jongh FE, Erdkamp FLG, Tanis BC, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab versus observation in metastatic colorectal cancer: updated results and molecular subgroup analyses of the phase 3 CAIRO3 study. Ann Oncol. 2017 Sep 1;28(9):2128-2134. link to original article PubMed
  2. Luo HY, Li YH, Wang W, Wang ZQ, Yuan X, Ma D, Wang FH, Zhang DS, Lin DR, Lin YC, Jia J, Hu XH, Peng JW, Xu RH. Single-agent capecitabine as maintenance therapy after induction of XELOX (or FOLFOX) in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Ann Oncol. 2016 Jun;27(6):1074-81. Epub 2016 Mar 2. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. PRODIGE 9: Aparicio T, Ghiringhelli F, Boige V, Le Malicot K, Taieb J, Bouché O, Phelip JM, François E, Borel C, Faroux R, Dahan L, Jacquot S, Genet D, Khemissa F, Suc E, Desseigne F, Texereau P, Lepage C, Bennouna J; PRODIGE 9 Investigators. Bevacizumab maintenance versus no maintenance during chemotherapy-free intervals in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III trial (PRODIGE 9). J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;36(7):674-681. Epub 2018 Jan 18. link to original article PubMed

Advanced or metastatic disease, subsequent lines of therapy

Best supportive care

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Regimen

Study Years of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Cunningham et al. 1998 (V301) 1995-NR Phase III (C) Irinotecan Inferior OS
Jonker et al. 2007 (NCIC CTG CO.17) 2003-2005 Phase III (C) Cetuximab Inferior OS
Van Cutsem et al. 2007 (20020408) 2004-2005 Phase III (C) Panitumumab Inferior PFS
Kim et al. 2016 (20100007) 2011-2013 Phase III (C) Panitumumab Inferior OS

No treatment except for supportive care.

References

  1. V301: Cunningham D, Pyrhönen S, James RD, Punt CJ, Hickish TF, Heikkila R, Johannesen TB, Starkhammar H, Topham CA, Awad L, Jacques C, Herait P. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998 Oct 31;352(9138):1413-8. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. 20020408: Van Cutsem E, Peeters M, Siena S, Humblet Y, Hendlisz A, Neyns B, Canon JL, Van Laethem JL, Maurel J, Richardson G, Wolf M, Amado RG. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 1;25(13):1658-64. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. NCIC CTG CO.17: Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, Zalcberg JR, Tu D, Au HJ, Berry SR, Krahn M, Price T, Simes RJ, Tebbutt NC, van Hazel G, Wierzbicki R, Langer C, Moore MJ. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 15;357(20):2040-8. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Subgroup analysis: Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Tu D, Tebbutt NC, Simes RJ, Chalchal H, Shapiro JD, Robitaille S, Price TJ, Shepherd L, Au HJ, Langer C, Moore MJ, Zalcberg JR. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1757-65. link to original article PubMed
    2. Subgroup analysis: Asmis TR, Powell E, Karapetis CS, Jonker DJ, Tu D, Jeffery M, Pavlakis N, Gibbs P, Zhu L, Dueck DA, Whittom R, Langer C, O'Callaghan CJ. Comorbidity, age and overall survival in cetuximab-treated patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC)--results from NCIC CTG CO.17: a phase III trial of cetuximab versus best supportive care. Ann Oncol. 2011 Jan;22(1):118-26. Epub 2010 Jul 5. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. 20100007: Kim TW, Elme A, Kusic Z, Park JO, Udrea AA, Kim SY, Ahn JB, Valencia RV, Krishnan S, Bilic A, Manojlovic N, Dong J, Guan X, Lofton-Day C, Jung AS, Vrdoljak E. A phase 3 trial evaluating panitumumab plus best supportive care vs best supportive care in chemorefractory wild-type KRAS or RAS metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2016 Nov 8;115(10):1206-1214. Epub 2016 Oct 13. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed

Placebo

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Regimen

Study Years of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Rao et al. 2004 Phase III (C) Tipifarnib Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Yoshino et al. 2012 Randomized Phase II (C) Trifluridine and tipiracil Inferior OS
Grothey et al. 2012 (CORRECT) 2010-2011 Phase III (C) Regorafenib Inferior OS
Li et al. 2015 (CONCUR) Phase III (C) Regorafenib Inferior OS
Mayer et al. 2015 (RECOURSE) 2012-2013 Phase III (C) Trifluridine and tipiracil Inferior OS
Hickish et al. 2017 (2014-PT026) Phase III (C) MABp1 Inferior primary endpoint
Xu et al. 2017 (TERRA) Phase III (C) Trifluridine and tipiracil Seems to have inferior OS
Jonker et al. 2018 (NCIC CTG CO.23) Phase III (C) Napabucasin Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Li et al. 2018 (FRESCO) Phase III (C) Fruquintinib Inferior OS
Van Cutsem et al. 2018 (LUME-Colon 1) Phase III (C) Nintedanib Inferior PFS

No active antineoplastic treatment.

References

  1. Rao S, Cunningham D, de Gramont A, Scheithauer W, Smakal M, Humblet Y, Kourteva G, Iveson T, Andre T, Dostalova J, Illes A, Belly R, Perez-Ruixo JJ, Park YC, Palmer PA. Phase III double-blind placebo-controlled study of farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 in patients with refractory advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct 1;22(19):3950-7. link to original article PubMed
  2. Yoshino T, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, Nishina T, Komatsu Y, Baba H, Tsuji A, Yamaguchi K, Muro K, Sugimoto N, Tsuji Y, Moriwaki T, Esaki T, Hamada C, Tanase T, Ohtsu A. TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Oct;13(10):993-1001. Epub 2012 Aug 28. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
  3. CORRECT: Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, Siena S, Falcone A, Ychou M, Humblet Y, Bouché O, Mineur L, Barone C, Adenis A, Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Lenz HJ, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Cihon F, Cupit L, Wagner A, Laurent D; CORRECT Study Group. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013 Jan 26;381(9863):303-12. Epub 2012 Nov 22. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Dataset: Project Data Sphere
  4. CONCUR: Li J, Qin S, Xu R, Yau TC, Ma B, Pan H, Xu J, Bai Y, Chi Y, Wang L, Yeh KH, Bi F, Cheng Y, Le AT, Lin JK, Liu T, Ma D, Kappeler C, Kalmus J, Kim TW; CONCUR Investigators. Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Jun;16(6):619-29. Epub 2015 May 13. link to original article PubMed
  5. RECOURSE: Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Yoshino T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, Shimada Y, Tabernero J, Komatsu Y, Sobrero A, Boucher E, Peeters M, Tran B, Lenz HJ, Zaniboni A, Hochster H, Cleary JM, Prenen H, Benedetti F, Mizuguchi H, Makris L, Ito M, Ohtsu A; RECOURSE Study Group. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 14;372(20):1909-19. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Subgroup analysis: Van Cutsem E, Mayer RJ, Laurent S, Winkler R, Grávalos C, Benavides M, Longo-Munoz F, Portales F, Ciardiello F, Siena S, Yamaguchi K, Muro K, Denda T, Tsuji Y, Makris L, Loehrer P, Lenz HJ, Ohtsu A; RECOURSE Study Group. The subgroups of the phase III RECOURSE trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) versus placebo with best supportive care in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2018 Feb;90:63-72. Epub 2017 Dec 21. link to SD article PubMed
  6. 2014-PT026: Hickish T, Andre T, Wyrwicz L, Saunders M, Sarosiek T, Kocsis J, Nemecek R, Rogowski W, Lesniewski-Kmak K, Petruzelka L, Apte RN, Mohanty P, Stecher M, Simard J, de Gramont A. MABp1 as a novel antibody treatment for advanced colorectal cancer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Feb;18(2):192-201. Epub 2017 Jan 14. link to original article PubMed
  7. TERRA: Xu J, Kim TW, Shen L, Sriuranpong V, Pan H, Xu R, Guo W, Han SW, Liu T, Park YS, Shi C, Bai Y, Bi F, Ahn JB, Qin S, Li Q, Wu C, Ma D, Lin D, Li J. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) monotherapy in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: The TERRA study. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 1;36(4):350-358. Epub 2017 Dec 7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  8. NCIC CTC CO.23: Jonker DJ, Nott L, Yoshino T, Gill S, Shapiro J, Ohtsu A, Zalcberg J, Vickers MM, Wei AC, Gao Y, Tebbutt NC, Markman B, Price T, Esaki T, Koski S, Hitron M, Li W, Li Y, Magoski NM, Li CJ, Simes J, Tu D, O'Callaghan CJ. Napabucasin versus placebo in refractory advanced colorectal cancer: a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Apr;3(4):263-270. Epub 2018 Feb 1. link to original article PubMed
  9. FRESCO: Li J, Qin S, Xu RH, Shen L, Xu J, Bai Y, Yang L, Deng Y, Chen ZD, Zhong H, Pan H, Guo W, Shu Y, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Xu N, Liu T, Ma D, Wu C, Cheng Y, Chen D, Li W, Sun S, Yu Z, Cao P, Chen H, Wang J, Wang S, Wang H, Fan S, Hua Y, Su W. Effect of fruquintinib vs placebo on overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: the FRESCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Jun 26;319(24):2486-2496. link to original article PubMed
  10. LUME-Colon 1: Van Cutsem E, Yoshino T, Lenz HJ, Lonardi S, Falcone A, Limón ML, Saunders M, Sobrero A, Park YS, Ferreiro R, Hong YS, Tomasek J, Taniguchi H, Ciardiello F, Stoehr J, Oum'Hamed Z, Vlassak S, Studeny M, Argiles G. Nintedanib for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (LUME-Colon 1): a phase III, international, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann Oncol. 2018 Sep 1;29(9):1955-1963. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
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