Myelodysplastic syndrome

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Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)

Regimen

• Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 40 mg/kg IV over 4-8 hours on days 1-4
• Prednisone (Sterapred) 1 mg/kg (minimum of 40 mg) PO on days 1-10, and then tapered to off during days 11-17

References

1. Molldrem JJ, Caples M, Mavroudis D, Plante M, Young NS, Barrett AJ. Antithymocyte globulin for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 1997 Dec;99(3):699-705. PubMed
2. Molldrem JJ, Leifer E, Bahceci E, Saunthararajah Y, Rivera M, Dunbar C, Liu J, Nakamura R, Young NS, Barrett AJ. Antithymocyte globulin for treatment of the bone marrow failure associated with myelodysplastic syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Aug 6;137(3):156-63. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
3. Steensma DP, Dispenzieri A, Moore SB, Schroeder G, Tefferi A. Antithymocyte globulin has limited efficacy and substantial toxicity in unselected anemic patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2003 Mar 15;101(6):2156-8. Epub 2002 Oct 31. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
4. Sloand EM, Wu CO, Greenberg P, Young N, Barrett J. Factors affecting response and survival in patients with myelodysplasia treated with immunosuppressive therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 20;26(15):2505-11. Epub 2008 Apr 14. link to original article PubMed

Azacitidine (Vidaza)

Regimen

• Azacitidine (Vidaza) 75 mg/m2/day SC or IV continuous infusion on days 1-7

28-day cycles, given for at least 4 cycles, then depending on study, continued for 3 cycles beyond complete remission, or if there was progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity

References

1. Silverman LR, Demakos EP, Peterson BL, Kornblith AB, Holland JC, Odchimar-Reissig R, Stone RM, Nelson D, Powell BL, DeCastro CM, Ellerton J, Larson RA, Schiffer CA, Holland JF. Randomized controlled trial of azacitidine in patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome: a study of the cancer and leukemia group B. J Clin Oncol. 2002 May 15;20(10):2429-40. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
2. Silverman LR, McKenzie DR, Peterson BL, Holland JF, Backstrom JT, Beach CL, Larson RA; Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Further analysis of trials with azacitidine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: studies 8421, 8921, and 9221 by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 20;24(24):3895-903. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
3. Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Santini V, Finelli C, Giagounidis A, Schoch R, Gattermann N, Sanz G, List A, Gore SD, Seymour JF, Bennett JM, Byrd J, Backstrom J, Zimmerman L, McKenzie D, Beach C, Silverman LR; International Vidaza High-Risk MDS Survival Study Group. Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Mar;10(3):223-32. Epub 2009 Feb 21. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Cyclosporine modified (Neoral)

Regimen

• Cyclosporine modified (Neoral) 5-6 mg/kg/day, divided into two equal doses PO BID, adjusted to maintain therapeutic cyclosporine level of 100-300 ng/mL

References

1. Jonásova A, Neuwirtová R, Cermák J, Vozobulová V, Mociková K, Sisková M, Hochová I. Cyclosporin A therapy in hypoplastic MDS patients and certain refractory anaemias without hypoplastic bone marrow. Br J Haematol. 1998 Feb;100(2):304-9. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
2. Sloand EM, Wu CO, Greenberg P, Young N, Barrett J. Factors affecting response and survival in patients with myelodysplasia treated with immunosuppressive therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 20;26(15):2505-11. Epub 2008 Apr 14. link to original article PubMed

Decitabine (Dacogen)

Regimen

• Decitabine (Dacogen) 20 mg/m2 IV over 1 hour on days 1-5

28-day cycles

Alternate regimen #1 (Kantarjian, et al. 2007)

• Decitabine (Dacogen) 20 mg/m2/day divided into 2 SC doses per day on days 1-5

28-day cycles

Alternate regimen #2 (Kantarjian, et al. 2007)

• Decitabine (Dacogen) 10 mg/m2 IV over 1 hour on days 1-10

28-day cycles

Alternate regimen #3 (Kantarjian, et al. 2006; Rüter, et al. 2006)

• Decitabine (Dacogen) 15 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours every 8 hours on days 1-3

6-week cycles x up to 6-8 cycles

References

1. Rüter B, Wijermans PW, Lübbert M. Superiority of prolonged low-dose azanucleoside administration? Results of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine retreatment in high-risk myelodysplasia patients. Cancer. 2006 Apr 15;106(8):1744-50. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
2. Kantarjian H, Issa JP, Rosenfeld CS, Bennett JM, Albitar M, DiPersio J, Klimek V, Slack J, de Castro C, Ravandi F, Helmer R 3rd, Shen L, Nimer SD, Leavitt R, Raza A, Saba H. Decitabine improves patient outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a phase III randomized study. Cancer. 2006 Apr 15;106(8):1794-803. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
3. Kantarjian H, Oki Y, Garcia-Manero G, Huang X, O'Brien S, Cortes J, Faderl S, Bueso-Ramos C, Ravandi F, Estrov Z, Ferrajoli A, Wierda W, Shan J, Davis J, Giles F, Saba HI, Issa JP. Results of a randomized study of 3 schedules of low-dose decitabine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007 Jan 1;109(1):52-7. Epub 2006 Aug 1. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

Lenalidomide (Revlimid)

Regimen

• Lenalidomide (Revlimid) 10 mg PO daily

References

1. List A, Kurtin S, Roe DJ, Buresh A, Mahadevan D, Fuchs D, Rimsza L, Heaton R, Knight R, Zeldis JB. Efficacy of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 10;352(6):549-57. link to original article PubMed
2. Tefferi A, Cortes J, Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Thomas D, Lasho TL, Hogan WJ, Litzow MR, Allred JB, Jones D, Byrne C, Zeldis JB, Ketterling RP, McClure RF, Giles F, Kantarjian HM. Lenalidomide therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood. 2006 Aug 15;108(4):1158-64. Epub 2006 Apr 11. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
3. List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, Giagounidis A, Raza A, Feldman E, Powell B, Greenberg P, Thomas D, Stone R, Reeder C, Wride K, Patin J, Schmidt M, Zeldis J, Knight R; Myelodysplastic Syndrome-003 Study Investigators. Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 5;355(14):1456-65. link to original article contains protocol PubMed
4. Raza A, Reeves JA, Feldman EJ, Dewald GW, Bennett JM, Deeg HJ, Dreisbach L, Schiffer CA, Stone RM, Greenberg PL, Curtin PT, Klimek VM, Shammo JM, Thomas D, Knight RD, Schmidt M, Wride K, Zeldis JB, List AF. Phase 2 study of lenalidomide in transfusion-dependent, low-risk, and intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes with karyotypes other than deletion 5q. Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):86-93. Epub 2007 Sep 24. link to original article contains protocol PubMed