Surgery

One of many surgical procedures intended to remove cancerous tissue. This page is primarily to enable appropriate creation of the ontology but will be expanded over time as a centralized page for regimens that include or primarily consist of surgery. Endocrine ablation surgery will be a separately maintained page.

Bladder cancer surgery

Cystectomy

Radical cystectomy

Surgical removal of the urinary bladder and nearby organs (in men: prostate and seminal vesicles; in women: uterus, ovaries, portions of the vagina).

Nephroureterectomy

Removal of kidney, ureter, and bladder cuff, and segmental resection of the ureter.

TURBT

TURBT: Trans-Urethral Resection of Bladder Tumor

Colorectal cancer surgery

Rectal cancer surgery

Total mesorectal excision

TME: Total Mesorectal Excision

Esophageal cancer surgery

Esophagectomy

Regimen

Study	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Ychou et al. 2011 (ACCORD 07)	1995-2003	Phase 3 (C)	Perioperative CF	Seems to have inferior OS

References

1. ACCORD 07: Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, Conroy T, Bouché O, Lebreton G, Ducourtieux M, Bedenne L, Fabre JM, Saint-Aubert B, Genève J, Lasser P, Rougier P. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1715-21. Epub 2011 Mar 28. link to original article PubMed NCT00002883

Gastric cancer surgery

Gastrectomy

Regimen

Study	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Cunningham et al. 2006 (MAGIC)	1994-2002	Phase 3 (C)	Perioperative ECF	Inferior OS
Ychou et al. 2011 (ACCORD 07)	1995-2003	Phase 3 (C)	Perioperative CF	Seems to have inferior OS

References

1. MAGIC: Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M, Scarffe JH, Lofts FJ, Falk SJ, Iveson TJ, Smith DB, Langley RE, Verma M, Weeden S, Chua YJ; MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 6;355(1):11-20. link to original article PubMed NCT00002615
2. ACCORD 07: Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, Conroy T, Bouché O, Lebreton G, Ducourtieux M, Bedenne L, Fabre JM, Saint-Aubert B, Genève J, Lasser P, Rougier P. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1715-21. Epub 2011 Mar 28. link to original article PubMed NCT00002883

Head and neck cancer surgery

Regimen

Study	Evidence	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Wolf et al. 1991	Phase 3 (C)	CF	Seems not superior

Of historic interest as a control comparator, only.

Subsequent treatment

• Adjuvant RT

References

1. Wolf GT, Fisher SG, Hong WK, Hillman R, Spaulding M, Laramore GE, Endicott JW, McClatchey K, Henderson WG; Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 13;324(24):1685-90. link to original article PubMed

Prostate cancer surgery

Prostatectomy

Regimen

Study	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Holmberg et al. 2002 (SPCG-4)	1989-1999	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Active surveillance	Superior OS1 OS276: 28.1% vs 16.2% (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.87)
Wilt et al. 2012 (PIVOT)	1994-2002	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Active surveillance	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

¹Reported efficacy for SPCG-4 is based on the 2018 update.

References

1. SPCG-4: Holmberg L, Bill-Axelson A, Helgesen F, Salo JO, Folmerz P, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Spångberg A, Busch C, Nordling S, Palmgren J, Adami HO, Johansson JE, Norlén BJ; Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12;347(11):781-9. link to original article PubMed
   1. Update: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Bratell S, Spångberg A, Busch C, Nordling S, Garmo H, Palmgren J, Adami HO, Norlén BJ, Johansson JE; Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;352(19):1977-84. link to original article PubMed
   2. Update: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filén F, Ruutu M, Garmo H, Busch C, Nordling S, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Bratell S, Spångberg A, Palmgren J, Adami HO, Johansson JE; Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1144-54. Epub 2008 Aug 11. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
   3. Update: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Garmo H, Stark JR, Busch C, Nordling S, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Bratell S, Spångberg A, Palmgren J, Steineck G, Adami HO, Johansson JE; SPCG-4 Investigators. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5;364(18):1708-17. link to original article PubMed
   4. Update: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, Rider JR, Taari K, Busch C, Nordling S, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Spångberg A, Andrén O, Palmgren J, Steineck G, Adami HO, Johansson JE. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 6;370(10):932-42. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed
   5. Update: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, Taari K, Busch C, Nordling S, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Andrén O, Steineck G, Adami HO, Johansson JE. Radical Prostatectomy or Watchful Waiting in Prostate Cancer - 29-Year Follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 13;379(24):2319-2329. link to original article PubMed
2. PIVOT: Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Aronson WJ, Fox S, Gingrich JR, Wei JT, Gilhooly P, Grob BM, Nsouli I, Iyer P, Cartagena R, Snider G, Roehrborn C, Sharifi R, Blank W, Pandya P, Andriole GL, Culkin D, Wheeler T; Prostate Cancer Intervention versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) Study Group. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):203-13. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Aug 9;367(6):582. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT00007644
   1. Update: Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Andriole GL, Culkin D, Wheeler T, Aronson WJ, Brawer MK. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-142. link to original article PubMed

Testicular cancer surgery

RPLND

RPLND: RetroPeritoneal Lymph Node Dissection