Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

From HemOnc.org - A Hematology Oncology Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Back to Top

Section editor Page editor
Choe.jpeg
 Jennifer H. Choe, MD, PhD
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
LinkedIn
Beau.jpeg
 C. Beau Hilton, MD
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
LinkedIn
25 regimens on this page
37 variants on this page

Are you looking for a regimen but can't find it here? For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit this page. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it!
Note: this page has regimens specific to nasopharyngeal carcinoma; more general regimens are available on the head and neck cancer page.


Guidelines

Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.

ASCO/CSCO

EHNS/ESMO/ESTRO

ESMO/EURACAN

NCCN

Locally advanced disease, induction

Cisplatin & Epirubicin

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chua et al. 1998 (AOCOA) 1989-1993 Phase 3 (E-esc) No induction Might have superior OS1

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2005 pooled update.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 2 to 3 cycles

Subsequent treatment

  • Definitive RT

References

  1. AOCOA: Chua DT, Sham JS, Choy D, Lorvidhaya V, Sumitsawan Y, Thongprasert S, Vootiprux V, Cheirsilpa A, Azhar T, Reksodiputro AH; Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 1998 Dec 1;83(11):2270-83. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
    1. Pooled update: Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JS, Mai HQ, Choy DT, Hong MH, Lu TX, Min HQ. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1118-24. Epub 2005 Jan 18. link to original article PubMed

Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)

CF: Cisplatin & Fluorouracil
PF: Platinol (Cisplatin) & Fluorouracil

Regimen variant #1, 80/4000 x 2

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Cao et al. 2017 (RDDA2017000111) 2008-2015 Phase 3 (E-esc) No induction Seems to have superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
OS60: 80.8% vs 76.8%

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2019 update.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 2 cycles

Subsequent treatment


Regimen variant #2, 100/4000 x 2

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Lv et al. 2021 2013-2015 Phase 3 (C) Lobaplatin & Fluorouracil Non-inferior PFS60

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 2 cycles

Subsequent treatment


Regimen variant #3, 100/4000 x 3

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Jin et al. 2019 (ESNCCT) 2012-2014 Phase 3 (C) TPF Inconclusive whether non-inferior PFS
Li et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 20160049) 2016-2019 Phase 3 (C) TPC Inferior FFS

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 3 cycles

Subsequent treatment


Regimen variant #4, 100/5000 x 6

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
You et al. 2020 (SYSUCC 5010) 2014-04 to 2018-08 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 6 cycles

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. RDDA2017000111: Cao SM, Yang Q, Guo L, Mai HQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Qiu F, Sun R, Chen QY, Huang PY, Luo DH, Hua YJ, Wu YS, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Tang LQ, Ye YF, Chen MY, Guo X, Hong MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:14-23. Epub 2017 Feb 16. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT00705627
    1. Update: Yang Q, Cao SM, Guo L, Hua YJ, Huang PY, Zhang XL, Lin M, You R, Zou X, Liu YP, Xie YL, Wang ZQ, Mai HQ, Chen QY, Tang LQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Li JB, Ling L, Guo X, Hong MH, Chen MY. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of a phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Sep;119:87-96. Epub 2019 Aug 16. link to original article PubMed
  2. ESNCCT: Jin T, Qin WF, Jiang F, Jin QF, Wei QC, Jia YS, Sun XN, Li WF, Chen XZ. Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Induction Chemotherapy With or Without Docetaxel in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2019 Apr;12(4):633-639. Epub 2019 Feb 20. link to original article link PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT01536223
  3. SYSUCC 5010: You R, Liu YP, Huang PY, Zou X, Sun R, He YX, Wu YS, Shen GP, Zhang HD, Duan CY, Tan SH, Cao JY, Li JB, Xie YL, Zhang YN, Wang ZQ, Yang Q, Lin M, Jiang R, Zhang MX, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Zhuang AH, Chen QY, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen Y, Mai HQ, Ling L, Liu Q, Chua MLK, Chen MY. Efficacy and Safety of Locoregional Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1345-1352. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT02111460
  4. Lv X, Cao X, Xia WX, Liu KY, Qiang MY, Guo L, Qian CN, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Li XM, Li ZH, Han F, He YX, Liu YM, Wu SX, Bai YR, Ke LR, Qiu WZ, Liang H, Liu GY, Miao JJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Chen X, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Guo X. Induction chemotherapy with lobaplatin and fluorouracil versus cisplatin and fluorouracil followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):716-726. Epub 2021 Apr 12. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed ChiCTR-TRC-13003285
  5. SYSUCC 20160049: Li WZ, Lv X, Hu D, Lv SH, Liu GY, Liang H, Ye YF, Yang W, Zhang HX, Yuan TZ, Wang DS, Lu N, Ke LR, Tang WB, Tong LH, Chen ZJ, Liu T, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Guo L, Zhao C, Chen MY, Chen QY, Huang PY, Sun R, Qiu F, Luo DH, Wang L, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ, Xia WX. Effect of Induction Chemotherapy With Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, and Capecitabine vs Cisplatin and Fluorouracil on Failure-Free Survival for Patients With Stage IVA to IVB Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 May 1;8(5):706-714. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed NCT02940925

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2019 (B2013-022-01) 2013-2016 Phase 3 (E-esc) No induction Superior RFS (primary endpoint)
RFS36: 85.3% vs 76.5%
(sHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.77)

Superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
OS60: 87.9% vs 78.8%
(HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.78)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2022 update.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 3 cycles

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. B2013-022-01: Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, Zhang N, Zhu XD, Yang KY, Jin F, Shi M, Chen YP, Hu WH, Cheng ZB, Wang SY, Tian Y, Wang XC, Sun Y, Li JG, Li WF, Li YH, Tang LL, Mao YP, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Liu X, Guo R, Long GX, Liang SQ, Li L, Huang J, Long JH, Zang J, Liu QD, Zou L, Su QF, Zheng BM, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Han F, Mo HY, Lv JW, Du XJ, Xu C, Liu N, Li YQ, Chua MLK, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J. Gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 19;381(12):1124-1135. Epub 2019 May 31. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT01872962
    1. Update: Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, Zhang N, Zhu XD, Yang KY, Jin F, Shi M, Chen YP, Hu WH, Cheng ZB, Wang SY, Tian Y, Wang XC, Sun Y, Li JG, Li WF, Li YH, Mao YP, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Liu X, Guo R, Long GX, Liang SQ, Li L, Huang J, Long JH, Zang J, Liu QD, Zou L, Su QF, Zheng BM, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Han F, Mo HY, Lv JW, Du XJ, Xu C, Liu N, Li YQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LL. Final Overall Survival Analysis of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter, Randomized Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 1;40(22):2420-2425. Epub 2022 Jun 16. link to original article PubMed

DCF

DCF: Docetaxel, Cisplatin, Fluorouracil
TPF: Taxotere (Docetaxel), Platinol (Cisplatin), Fluorouracil

Regimen variant #1, 60/60/3000

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Sun et al. 2016 (YP2010171) 2011-2013 Phase 3 (E-esc) No induction Seems to have superior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 80% vs 72%
(HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97)

Seems to have superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
OS60: 85.6% vs 77.7%
(HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.98)

1Reported efficacy for YP2010171 is based on the 2019 update.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 3 cycles

Subsequent treatment


Regimen variant #2, 70/75/4000

Study Evidence
Bae et al. 2010 Phase 2

Eligibility criteria

  • Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer

Chemotherapy

Supportive therapy

21-day cycle for 3 cycles

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. Bae WK, Hwang JE, Shim HJ, Cho SH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Chung WK, Chung IJ. Phase II study of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;65(3):589-95. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. YP2010171: Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1509-1520. Epub 2016 Sep 26. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT01245959
    1. Update: Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J, Sun Y. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with/without induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;145(1):295-305. Epub 2019 Jan 24. link to original article PubMed
  3. ESNCCT: Jin T, Qin WF, Jiang F, Jin QF, Wei QC, Jia YS, Sun XN, Li WF, Chen XZ. Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Induction Chemotherapy With or Without Docetaxel in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2019 Apr;12(4):633-639. Epub 2019 Feb 20. link to original article link PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT01536223

Lobaplatin & Fluorouracil

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Lv et al. 2021 2013-2015 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) CF Non-inferior PFS60 (primary endpoint)
PFS60: 75% vs 75.5%
(HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.69-1.39)

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 2 cycles

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. Lv X, Cao X, Xia WX, Liu KY, Qiang MY, Guo L, Qian CN, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Li XM, Li ZH, Han F, He YX, Liu YM, Wu SX, Bai YR, Ke LR, Qiu WZ, Liang H, Liu GY, Miao JJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Chen X, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Guo X. Induction chemotherapy with lobaplatin and fluorouracil versus cisplatin and fluorouracil followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):716-726. Epub 2021 Apr 12. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed ChiCTR-TRC-13003285

TPC

TPC: Taxol (Paclitaxel), Platinol (Cisplatin), Capecitabine

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Li et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 20160049) 2016-2019 Phase 3 (E-esc) PF Superior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 83.5% vs 68.9%
(HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.79)

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 2 cycles

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. SYSUCC 20160049: Li WZ, Lv X, Hu D, Lv SH, Liu GY, Liang H, Ye YF, Yang W, Zhang HX, Yuan TZ, Wang DS, Lu N, Ke LR, Tang WB, Tong LH, Chen ZJ, Liu T, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Guo L, Zhao C, Chen MY, Chen QY, Huang PY, Sun R, Qiu F, Luo DH, Wang L, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ, Xia WX. Effect of Induction Chemotherapy With Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, and Capecitabine vs Cisplatin and Fluorouracil on Failure-Free Survival for Patients With Stage IVA to IVB Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 May 1;8(5):706-714. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed NCT02940925

Locally advanced disease, definitive chemoradiotherapy

Carboplatin & RT

Carboplatin & RT: Carboplatin & Radiation Therapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 1999-2004 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) Cisplatin & RT, then CF Seems to have non-inferior OS36

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

  • Concurrent radiation therapy to the primary tumor, 200 cGy per day on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 19, 22 to 26, 29 to 33, 36 to 40, 43 to 47 (35 fractions; total dose: 7000 cGy)

7-week course

Subsequent treatment

References

  1. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed

Cisplatin & RT

Cisplatin & RT: Cisplatin & Radiation Therapy

Regimen variant #1, 30 mg/m2 weekly dosing

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2011 2003-2007 Phase 3 (E-esc) Radiation therapy Superior OS (primary endpoint)
OS60: 94.5% vs 85.8%
(HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.76)

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 200 cGy x 34 to 35 fractions (total dose of 68 to 7000 cGy)

7-week course


Regimen variant #2, 40 mg/m2 weekly dosing

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2002 1994-1999 Phase 3 (E-esc) Radiation therapy Might have superior OS1
Tan et al. 2015 2004-2012 Non-randomized part of phase 2/3 RCT
Chen et al. 2011 (YP2008004) 2006-2010 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT

1Reported efficacy for Chan et al. 2002 is based on the 2005 update.

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

  • Concurrent radiation therapy 200 cGy per day on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 19, 22 to 26, 29 to 33, 36 to 40, 43 to 45 (33 fractions; total dose: 6600 cGy). See Chan et al. 2005 for additional information about boost doses.

6.5-week course

Subsequent treatment


Regimen variant #3, 40 mg/m2 weekly dosing x 6

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Xia et al. 2021 2011-2016 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT; q3wk x 2 Non-inferior FFS

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

One course


Regimen variant #4, 100 mg/m2 x 2

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Bae et al. 2010 2004-2008 Phase 2
Xia et al. 2021 2011-2016 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) Cisplatin & RT; weekly x 6 Non-inferior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 85.4% vs 85.6%
(HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.66-1.52)

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

5.5-week course


Regimen variant #5, 100 mg/m2 x 3

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099) 1989-1995 Phase 3 (E-esc) Radiation therapy Superior OS
Wee et al. 2005 1997-2003 Phase 3 (E-esc) Radiation therapy Superior OS (primary endpoint)
OS36: 85% vs 80%
(HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.81)
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 1999-2004 Phase 3 (C) Carboplatin & RT, then Carboplatin & 5-FU Seems to have non-inferior OS36
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 1999-2004 Phase 3 (E-esc) Radiation therapy Seems to have superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
OS120: 62% vs 49%
(HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-1.00)
Tang et al. 2018 2004-2012 Phase 3 (C) Nedaplatin & RT Non-inferior PFS24
Sun et al. 2016 (YP2010171) 2011-2013 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Tang et al. 2022 (SYSUCC IRNPC15) 2015-2020 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT Non-inferior FFS

1Reported efficacy for NPC-9901 is based on the 2016 update.
Note: Intergroup 0099 involved patients with stage III and IV nasopharynx cancers without evidence of metastases.

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 22, 43
    • Wee et al. 2005 gave 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4, 22 to 25, 43 to 46

Supportive therapy

  • Best described by Al-Sarraf et al. 1998
  • Forced hydration: 5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline with 40 mEq KCl, 2000 mL IV continuous infusion over 24 hours given twice, prior to cisplatin and after the second mannitol infusion
  • Mannitol 12.5 g IV bolus once on day 1, prior to cisplatin
  • 5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline with 30 mEq KCl and mannitol 25 g, 1000 mL IV over 4 hours immediately after cisplatin
  • Antiemetic such as Prochlorperazine (Compazine) 25 mg rectal suppository given once on day 1; 30 minutes prior to cisplatin
  • Prochlorperazine (Compazine) 10 mg IM every 4 hours as needed for nausea after cisplatin

Radiotherapy

  • Concurrent radiation therapy by the following study-specific criteria:
    • Intergroup 0099: 1.8 to 200 cGy fractions x 35 to 39 fractions to the primary tumor (total dose: 7000 cGy). Minimum total dose to neck nodes is 5000 cGy for N0 disease; 6600 cGy for nodes less than or equal to 2 cm in size; 7000 cGy for nodes greater than 2 cm.
    • Chitapanarux et al. 2007: 200 cGy fractions x 35 fractions (total dose: 7000 cGy)
    • Wee et al. 2005, NPC-9901, Tang et al. 2018, YP2010171, SYSUCC IRNPC15: see paper for details

7-week course

Subsequent treatment

  • Intergroup 0099, Wee et al. 2005, NPC-9901: CF consolidation
  • SYSUCC IRNPC15: No further treatment

References

  1. Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. Chan AT, Teo PM, Ngan RK, Leung TW, Lau WH, Zee B, Leung SF, Cheung FY, Yeo W, Yiu HH, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok T, Yuen KT, Mo F, Lai M, Kwan WH, Choi P, Johnson PJ. Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, Hui EP, Yiu HY, Yeo W, Cheung FY, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok TS, Yau S, Yuen KT, Mo FK, Lai MM, Ma BB, Kam MK, Leung TW, Johnson PJ, Choi PH, Zee BC. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  3. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article PubMed
  4. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  5. Bae WK, Hwang JE, Shim HJ, Cho SH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Chung WK, Chung IJ. Phase II study of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;65(3):589-95. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  6. NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol PubMed HARECCTR0500023
    1. Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article PubMed
  7. Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, Liu H, Huang PY, Mo HY, Li NW, Xiang YQ, Luo DH, Qiu F, Sun R, Deng MQ, Chen MY, Hua YJ, Guo X, Cao KJ, Hong MH, Qian CN, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7;103(23):1761-70. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed
    1. Update: Li XY, Chen QY, Sun XS, Liu SL, Yan JJ, Guo SS, Liu LT, Xie HJ, Tang QN, Liang YJ, Wen YF, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen MY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Ten-year outcomes of survival and toxicity for a phase III randomised trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Mar;110:24-31. Epub 2019 Feb 7. link to original article PubMed
  8. YP2008004: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):163-71. Epub 2011 Dec 7. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT00677118
    1. Update: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Long-term results of a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:150-158. Epub 2017 Feb 22. link to original article PubMed
  9. Tan T, Lim WT, Fong KW, Cheah SL, Soong YL, Ang MK, Ng QS, Tan D, Ong WS, Tan SH, Yip C, Quah D, Soo KC, Wee J. Concurrent chemo-radiation with or without induction gemcitabine, Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel: a randomized, phase 2/3 trial in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Apr 1;91(5):952-60. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed
  10. YP2010171: Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1509-1520. Epub 2016 Sep 26. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT01245959
    1. Update: Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J, Sun Y. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with/without induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;145(1):295-305. Epub 2019 Jan 24. link to original article PubMed
  11. RDDA2017000111: Cao SM, Yang Q, Guo L, Mai HQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Qiu F, Sun R, Chen QY, Huang PY, Luo DH, Hua YJ, Wu YS, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Tang LQ, Ye YF, Chen MY, Guo X, Hong MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:14-23. Epub 2017 Feb 16. link to original article PubMed
  12. Tang LQ, Chen DP, Guo L, Mo HY, Huang Y, Guo SS, Qi B, Tang QN, Wang P, Li XY, Li JB, Liu Q, Gao YH, Xie FY, Liu LT, Li Y, Liu SL, Xie HJ, Liang YJ, Sun XS, Yan JJ, Wu YS, Luo DH, Huang PY, Xiang YQ, Sun R, Chen MY, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Zhao C, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Guo X, Hong MH, Nie ZQ, Chen QY, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nedaplatin versus cisplatin in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):461-473. Epub 2018 Feb 28. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT01540136
  13. Xia WX, Lv X, Liang H, Liu GY, Sun R, Zeng Q, Li SW, Mo HY, Han F, Luo DH, Liu Q, Shi MY, Ye YF, Yang J, Ke LR, Qiang MY, Qiu WZ, Yu YH, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Cai ZC, Miao JJ, Guo L, Chen MY, Cao KJ, Wang L, Zhao C, Huang PY, Chen QY, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Two Different Schedules for Cisplatin Treatment in Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Aug 1;27(15):4186-4194. Epub 2021 Jun 3. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract link to PMC article PubMed ChiCTR-TRC-12001979
  14. SYSUCC IRNPC15: Tang LL, Guo R, Zhang N, Deng B, Chen L, Cheng ZB, Huang J, Hu WH, Huang SH, Luo WJ, Liang JH, Zheng YM, Zhang F, Mao YP, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Liu X, Chen YP, Xu C, Lin L, Liu Q, Du XJ, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ma J. Effect of Radiotherapy Alone vs Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy on Survival Without Disease Relapse in Patients With Low-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):728-736. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT02633202

Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF) & RT

CF & RT: Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, Radiation Therapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Lin et al. 2003 1993-1999 Phase 3 (E-esc) RT Superior OS

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

7- to 8-week course

References

  1. Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY, Liang WM, Jiang RS, Wang WY. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 15;21(4):631-7. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed

Nedaplatin & RT

Nedaplatin & RT: Cisplatin & Radiation Therapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Tang et al. 2018 2004-2012 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) Cisplatin & RT Non-inferior PFS24 (primary endpoint)
PFS24: 88% vs 89.9%

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

One course

References

  1. Tang LQ, Chen DP, Guo L, Mo HY, Huang Y, Guo SS, Qi B, Tang QN, Wang P, Li XY, Li JB, Liu Q, Gao YH, Xie FY, Liu LT, Li Y, Liu SL, Xie HJ, Liang YJ, Sun XS, Yan JJ, Wu YS, Luo DH, Huang PY, Xiang YQ, Sun R, Chen MY, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Zhao C, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Guo X, Hong MH, Nie ZQ, Chen QY, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nedaplatin versus cisplatin in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):461-473. Epub 2018 Feb 28. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT01540136

Oxaliplatin & RT

Oxaliplatin & RT: Oxaliplatin & Radiation Therapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2005 2001-2003 Phase 3 (E-esc) RT Superior OS1 (primary endpoint)
OS84: 71.3% vs 56.3%
(HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.94)

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2013 update.

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

6-week course

References

  1. Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, Wu SX. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preliminary results. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8461-8. Epub 2005 Oct 17. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
    1. Update: Wu X, Huang PY, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Han F, Wu SX, Hou X, Zhao HY, Huang Y, Fang WF, Zhao YY, Xue C, Hu ZH, Zhang J, Zhang JW, Ma YX, Liang WH, Zhao C, Zhang L. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study comparing radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Aug;24(8):2131-6. Epub 2013 May 9. link to original article PubMed

Radiation therapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099) 1989-1995 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT, then CF Inferior OS
Chan et al. 2002 1994-1999 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT Might have inferior OS1
Wee et al. 2005 1997-2003 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT Inferior OS
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 1999-2004 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT Seems to have inferior OS2
Chen et al. 2011 2003-2007 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & RT Inferior OS
Tang et al. 2022 (SYSUCC IRNPC15) 2015-2020 Phase 3 (E-de-esc) Cisplatin & RT Non-inferior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 90.5% vs 91.9%
(HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.70-2.66)

1Reported efficacy for Chan et al. 2002 is based on the 2005 update.
2Reported efficacy for NPC-9901 is based on the 2016 update.

Radiotherapy

References

  1. Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. Chan AT, Teo PM, Ngan RK, Leung TW, Lau WH, Zee B, Leung SF, Cheung FY, Yeo W, Yiu HH, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok T, Yuen KT, Mo F, Lai M, Kwan WH, Choi P, Johnson PJ. Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44. link to original article PubMed
    1. Update: Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, Hui EP, Yiu HY, Yeo W, Cheung FY, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok TS, Yau S, Yuen KT, Mo FK, Lai MM, Ma BB, Kam MK, Leung TW, Johnson PJ, Choi PH, Zee BC. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  3. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article PubMed
  4. Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, Wu SX. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preliminary results. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8461-8. Epub 2005 Oct 17. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
    1. Update: Wu X, Huang PY, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Han F, Wu SX, Hou X, Zhao HY, Huang Y, Fang WF, Zhao YY, Xue C, Hu ZH, Zhang J, Zhang JW, Ma YX, Liang WH, Zhao C, Zhang L. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study comparing radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Aug;24(8):2131-6. Epub 2013 May 9. link to original article PubMed
  5. NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol PubMed HARECCTR0500023
    1. Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article PubMed
  6. Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, Liu H, Huang PY, Mo HY, Li NW, Xiang YQ, Luo DH, Qiu F, Sun R, Deng MQ, Chen MY, Hua YJ, Guo X, Cao KJ, Hong MH, Qian CN, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7;103(23):1761-70. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed
    1. Update: Li XY, Chen QY, Sun XS, Liu SL, Yan JJ, Guo SS, Liu LT, Xie HJ, Tang QN, Liang YJ, Wen YF, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen MY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Ten-year outcomes of survival and toxicity for a phase III randomised trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Mar;110:24-31. Epub 2019 Feb 7. link to original article PubMed
  7. SYSUCC 5010: You R, Liu YP, Huang PY, Zou X, Sun R, He YX, Wu YS, Shen GP, Zhang HD, Duan CY, Tan SH, Cao JY, Li JB, Xie YL, Zhang YN, Wang ZQ, Yang Q, Lin M, Jiang R, Zhang MX, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Zhuang AH, Chen QY, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen Y, Mai HQ, Ling L, Liu Q, Chua MLK, Chen MY. Efficacy and Safety of Locoregional Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1345-1352. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT02111460
  8. SYSUCC IRNPC15: Tang LL, Guo R, Zhang N, Deng B, Chen L, Cheng ZB, Huang J, Hu WH, Huang SH, Luo WJ, Liang JH, Zheng YM, Zhang F, Mao YP, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Liu X, Chen YP, Xu C, Lin L, Liu Q, Du XJ, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ma J. Effect of Radiotherapy Alone vs Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy on Survival Without Disease Relapse in Patients With Low-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):728-736. link to original article link to PMC article PubMed NCT02633202

Adjuvant therapy

Capecitabine monotherapy

Regimen variant #1, 8 cycles

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Awaiting publication (CCRT-AC-LAHR-NPC) 2014-2018 Phase 3 (E-esc) Observation Superior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 88% vs 73%
(HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.77)

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 8 cycles


Regimen variant #2, 12 months

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2021 (2016-FXY-075) 2017-01-25 to 2018-10-25 Phase 3 (E-esc) Observation Superior FFS (primary endpoint)
FFS36: 85% vs 76%
(HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.79)

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

12-month course

References

  1. 2016-FXY-075: Chen YP, Liu X, Zhou Q, Yang KY, Jin F, Zhu XD, Shi M, Hu GQ, Hu WH, Sun Y, Wu HF, Wu H, Lin Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Zhang N, Wang XC, Shen LF, Liu ZZ, Huang J, Luo XL, Li L, Zang J, Mei Q, Zheng BM, Yue D, Xu J, Wu SG, Shi YX, Mao YP, Chen L, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Guo R, Zhang Y, Xu C, Lv JW, Guo Y, Feng HX, Tang LL, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J. Metronomic capecitabine as adjuvant therapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021 Jul 24;398(10297):303-313. Epub 2021 Jun 4. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT02958111
  2. CCRT-AC-LAHR-NPC: NCT02143388

Carboplatin & Fluorouracil

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 1999-2004 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 3 cycles

References

  1. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed

Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)

Cisplatin and Fluorouracil

Regimen variant #1, 80/4000, 4 days of 5-FU

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099) 1989-1995 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Wee et al. 2005 1997-2003 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 1999-2004 Phase 3 (C) Carboplatin & RT, then Carboplatin & 5-FU Seems to have non-inferior OS36
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 1999-2004 Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Liu et al. 2023 (2017-FXY-077) 2017-10-30 to 2020-07-09 Phase 3 (C) GC Inferior PFS36

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV over 15 minutes to 4 hours once on day 1
  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)

28-day cycle for 3 cycles


Regimen variant #2, 80/4000, 5 days of 5-FU

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2011 (YP2008004) 2006-2010 Phase 3 (E-esc) No further treatment Did not meet primary endpoint of FFS

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

28-day cycle for 3 cycles

References

  1. Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed
  3. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  4. NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol PubMed HARECCTR0500023
    1. Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article PubMed
  5. YP2008004: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):163-71. Epub 2011 Dec 7. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT00677118
    1. Update: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Long-term results of a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:150-158. Epub 2017 Feb 22. link to original article PubMed
  6. 2017-FXY-077: Liu LT, Liu H, Huang Y, Yang JH, Xie SY, Li YY, Guo SS, Qi B, Li XY, Chen DP, Jin F, Sun XS, Yang ZC, Liu SL, Luo DH, Li JB, Liu Q, Wang P, Guo L, Mo HY, Qiu F, Yang Q, Liang YJ, Jia GD, Wen DX, Yan JJ, Zhao C, Chen QY, Sun R, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine versus cisplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy for N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul;24(7):798-810. Epub 2023 Jun 5. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT03321539

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Liu et al. 2023 (2017-FXY-077) 2017-10-30 to 2020-07-09 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) CF Superior PFS36 (primary endpoint)
PFS36: 83.9% vs 71.5%
(sHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.93)

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for 3 cycles

References

  1. 2017-FXY-077: Liu LT, Liu H, Huang Y, Yang JH, Xie SY, Li YY, Guo SS, Qi B, Li XY, Chen DP, Jin F, Sun XS, Yang ZC, Liu SL, Luo DH, Li JB, Liu Q, Wang P, Guo L, Mo HY, Qiu F, Yang Q, Liang YJ, Jia GD, Wen DX, Yan JJ, Zhao C, Chen QY, Sun R, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine versus cisplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy for N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul;24(7):798-810. Epub 2023 Jun 5. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT03321539

Recurrent or metastatic disease

Capecitabine monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122) 2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28 Phase 3 (C) Pembrolizumab Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article PubMed NCT02611960

Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)

CF: Cisplatin & Fluorouracil
FP: Fluorouracil & Platinol

Regimen variant #1, 80/4000

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2016 (GEM20110714) 2012-2015 Phase 3 (C) Cisplatin & Gemcitabine Inferior OS1

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2021 update.
Note: to our knowledge, this regimen was not tested as an experimental arm in an RCT in this context, prior to becoming a standard comparator arm.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 6 cycles


Regimen variant #2, 100/5000

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Au & Ang 1994 1990-1992 Phase 2

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. Au E, Ang PT. A phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatinum in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1994 Jan;5(1):87-9. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed
  2. GEM20110714: Zhang L, Huang Y, Hong S, Yang Y, Yu G, Jia J, Peng P, Wu X, Lin Q, Xi X, Peng J, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1883-1892. Epub 2016 Aug 23. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT01528618
    1. Update: Hong S, Zhang Y, Yu G, Peng P, Peng J, Jia J, Wu X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Lin Q, Xi X, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C, Fang W, Zhang L. Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Versus Fluorouracil Plus Cisplatin as First-Line Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of GEM20110714 Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 10;39(29):3273-3282. Epub 2021 Aug 11. link to original article link to PMC article [PubMed

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)

GP: Gemcitabine & Platinol (Cisplatin)

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2016 (GEM20110714) 2012-2015 Phase 3 (E-switch-ic) CF Superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 7 vs 5.6 mo
(HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.44-0.68)

Superior OS1 (secondary endpoint)
Median OS: 22.1 vs 18.6 mo
(HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.90)
Mai et al. 2021 (JUPITER-02) 2018-11-10 to 2019-10-20 Phase 3 (C) GC & Toripalimab Seems to have inferior OS
Yang et al. 2021 (CAPTAIN-1st) 2018-11-13 to 2019-11-29 Phase 3 (C) GC & Camrelizumab Inferior PFS
Yang et al. 2023 (RATIONALE 309) 2019-04-18 to 2020-09-30 Phase 3 (C) GC & Tislelizumab Inferior PFS

1Reported efficacy is based on the 2021 update.

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 6 cycles

References

  1. GEM20110714: Zhang L, Huang Y, Hong S, Yang Y, Yu G, Jia J, Peng P, Wu X, Lin Q, Xi X, Peng J, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1883-1892. Epub 2016 Aug 23. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT01528618
    1. Update: Hong S, Zhang Y, Yu G, Peng P, Peng J, Jia J, Wu X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Lin Q, Xi X, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C, Fang W, Zhang L. Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Versus Fluorouracil Plus Cisplatin as First-Line Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of GEM20110714 Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 10;39(29):3273-3282. Epub 2021 Aug 11. link to original article link to PMC article [PubMed
  2. CAPTAIN-1st: Yang Y, Qu S, Li J, Hu C, Xu M, Li W, Zhou T, Shen L, Wu H, Lang J, Hu G, Luo Z, Fu Z, Qu S, Feng W, Chen X, Lin S, Zhang W, Li X, Sun Y, Lin Z, Lin Q, Lei F, Long J, Hong J, Huang X, Zeng L, Wang P, He X, Zhang B, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zou J, Fang W, Zhang L. Camrelizumab versus placebo in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CAPTAIN-1st): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Aug;22(8):1162-1174. Epub 2021 Jun 23. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT03707509
  3. JUPITER-02: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi YR, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Liu Z, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2021 Sep;27(9):1536-1543. Epub 2021 Aug 2. link to original article PubMed NCT03581786
  4. RATIONALE 309: Yang Y, Pan J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Qu S, Chen N, Chen X, Sun Y, He X, Hu C, Lin L, Yu Q, Wang S, Wang G, Lei F, Wen J, Yang K, Lin Z, Guo Y, Chen S, Huang X, Wu Y, Liang L, Chen C, Bai F, Ma X, Zhang Y, Leaw S, Zhang L, Fang W. Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer: A multicenter phase 3 trial (RATIONALE-309). Cancer Cell. 2023 Jun 12;41(6):1061-1072.e4. Epub 2023 May 18. link to original article PubMed NCT03924986 contains dosing details on CT.gov

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Camrelizumab

GP & Camrelizumab: Gemcitabine, Platinol (Cisplatin), Camrelizumab

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Yang et al. 2021 (CAPTAIN-1st) 2018-11-13 to 2019-11-29 Phase 3 (E-RT-esc) GC Superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 9.7 vs 6.9 mo
(HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39-0.76)

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. CAPTAIN-1st: Yang Y, Qu S, Li J, Hu C, Xu M, Li W, Zhou T, Shen L, Wu H, Lang J, Hu G, Luo Z, Fu Z, Qu S, Feng W, Chen X, Lin S, Zhang W, Li X, Sun Y, Lin Z, Lin Q, Lei F, Long J, Hong J, Huang X, Zeng L, Wang P, He X, Zhang B, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zou J, Fang W, Zhang L. Camrelizumab versus placebo in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CAPTAIN-1st): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Aug;22(8):1162-1174. Epub 2021 Jun 23. link to original article contains dosing details in abstract PubMed NCT03707509

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Toripalimab

GC & Toripalimab: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Toripalimab

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Mai et al. 2021 (JUPITER-02) 2018-11-10 to 2019-10-20 Phase 3 (E-esc) GC Seems to have superior OS (secondary endpoint)
OS24: 77.8% vs 63.3%
(HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-0.997)

Superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 11.7 vs 8 mo
(HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.74)

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)

References

  1. JUPITER-02: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi YR, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Liu Z, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2021 Sep;27(9):1536-1543. Epub 2021 Aug 2. link to original article PubMed NCT03581786

Docetaxel monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122) 2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28 Phase 3 (C) Pembrolizumab Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article PubMed NCT02611960

Gemcitabine monotherapy

Regimen variant #1

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Zhang et al. 2007 NR Phase 2

Prior treatment criteria

  • Previous exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Supportive therapy

28-day cycles


Regimen variant #2

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122) 2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28 Phase 3 (C) Pembrolizumab Did not meet primary endpoint of OS

Chemotherapy

21-day cycles

References

  1. Zhang L, Zhang Y, Huang PY, Xu F, Peng PJ, Guan ZZ. Phase II clinical study of gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after the failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;61(1):33-8. Epub 2007 Mar 20. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed
  2. KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article PubMed NCT02611960

Toripalimab monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence
Wang et al. 2021 (POLARIS-02) 2016-2019 Phase 2

Immunotherapy

14-day cycles

References

  1. POLARIS-02: Wang FH, Wei XL, Feng J, Li Q, Xu N, Hu XC, Liao W, Jiang Y, Lin XY, Zhang QY, Yuan XL, Huang HX, Chen Y, Dai GH, Shi JH, Shen L, Yang SJ, Shu YQ, Liu YP, Wang W, Wu H, Feng H, Yao S, Xu RH. Efficacy, Safety, and Correlative Biomarkers of Toripalimab in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Phase II Clinical Trial (POLARIS-02). J Clin Oncol. 2021 Mar 1;39(7):704-712. Epub 2021 Jan 25. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript PubMed NCT02915432

Maintenance after first-line therapy

Capecitabine monotherapy

Regimen

Study Dates of enrollment Evidence Comparator Comparative Efficacy
Liu et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 2015029) 2015-2020 Phase 3 (E-esc) Best supportive care Superior PFS (primary endpoint)
Median PFS: 35.9 vs 8.2 mo
(HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.74)

Preceding treatment

Chemotherapy

21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)

References

  1. SYSUCC 2015029: Liu GY, Li WZ, Wang DS, Liang H, Lv X, Ye YF, Zhao C, Ke LR, Lv SH, Lu N, Bei WX, Cai ZC, Chen X, Liang CX, Guo X, Xia WX, Xiang YQ. Effect of Capecitabine Maintenance Therapy Plus Best Supportive Care vs Best Supportive Care Alone on Progression-Free Survival Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Who Had Received Induction Chemotherapy: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Apr 1;8(4):553-561. link to original article contains dosing details in manuscript link to PMC article PubMed NCT02460419
Retrieved from "https://hemonc.org/w/index.php?title=Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma&oldid=84199"